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ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION SHIFTS FOUND IN NOVEL INHERITANCE

BY:

ARIS DARMAPATI

09.41.121.046

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2013

ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION SHIFTS FOUND IN NOVEL INHERITANCE

BY:

ARIS DARMAPATI

09.41.121.046

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2013

ADVISOR AGREEMENT

This paper has been approved to be examined by the Examining Board of English Department, Faculty of Letters,

Warmadewa University, Denpasar.

Advisors

Chairman Secretary

DRS. NYOMAN SUJAYA, M.Hum NIP. 195610141985031002

DRA. A.A. INTEN MAYUNI, M.Hum NIP. 195905151993032001

This paper is submitted as partial fulfillment to be obtain the degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department, Faculty of Letters,

Warmadewa University

Approved by

The Examining Board of English Department,

Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University

August 28^th, 2013

Denpasar,

1. Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum _______________ (Chairman)

2. Dra. A.A. Inten Mayuni, M.Hum _______________ (Secretary)

3. Drs. Ketut Sudrama, M.Hum _______________ (Member)

4. Drs. Ketut Subagia, SS, M.Hum _______________ (Member)

5. Drs. A.A. Gede Suarjaya, M.Hum _______________ (Member)

PREFACE

First of all, I wish to thank God for His blessing and mercies, so that it made me able to complete this writing at the proper time. There were so many problems and difficulties in the process of writing the paper that I faced. By working hard and the useful helps of my advisors, those problems were overcome.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum, as the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University and as my first advisor, Dra. A.A. Inten Mayuni, M.Hum as my second advisor, Drs. Wayan Ana, M.Hum as the Head of English Department and all lectures in Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.

In this opportunity I also would like to express my special gratitude to my lovely parents and brother who have supported me in finishing my study. Thanks to my best friends (Tim Nuas) Sudana, Wisnu, Sucar, Prima, Indra, Surya, Sansan, Sudewa, Swandenata, Ngurah, Muditha and many more from English Department, Faculty of letters, Warmadewa University; thanks for giving me your support in the process of making this paper.

Finally, I realize that this paper is still far from being perfect, therefore any constructive critics and suggestions for the improvement of this writing are really appreciated. I hope this writing will be useful for all of us, especially the students of English Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.

Denpasar, August 2013

Aris Darmapati

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK v

I. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Background and Problems 1

1.2 Scope of Discussion 3

1.3 Aims 3

1.4 Theoretical Basis 4

1.5 Method of Research 4

II. RELATED STUDIES 6

2.1 Definition of Translation 6

2.2 Kinds of Translation 7

2.2.1 Literal Translation 7

2.2.2 Idiomatic Translation 9

2.3 The Process of Translation 12

2.4 Translation Equivalence 14

2.5 Definition of Translation Shifts 16

2.5.1 Level Shifts 16

2.5.2 Category Shifts 17

2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts 18

2.5.2.2 Class Shifts 19

2.5.2.3 Unit/rank Shifts 22

2.5.2.4 Intra-system Shifts 23

III. ANALYSIS 25

3.1 Level Shifts 25

3.1.1 Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing) Shifted into sedang 26

3.1.2 Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) Shifted into sudah/telah 30

3.2 Category Shifts 34

3.2.1 Structure Shifts 34

3.2.2.1 Structure Shifts in Phrase Level 34

3.2.2.2 Structure Shifts in Sentence Level 39

3.2.2 Class Shifts 43

3.2.2.1 Adverb to Adjective 43

3.2.2.2 Noun to Verb 45

3.2.3 Unit Shifts 46

3.2.3.1 Word to Phrase 47

3.2.3.2 Phrase to Word 50

3.2.3 Intra-system Shifts 54

IV. CONCLUSION 58

4.1 Conclusion 58

4.2 Suggestion 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY 60

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled English-Indonesian Translation Shifts Found in Novel Inheritance. The data of this paper were taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance by Christopher Paolini (2011) and its translation in Indonesian entitled Inheritance – Warisan (2012) translated by Poppy D. Chisfani. This analysis was mainly aimed at finding out the variations of the translation shift from English into Indonesian that occur in these two novels.

This paper was directed to answer two basic questions about the translation shifts. They were first, what English-Indonesian translation shifts are found in Novel Inheritance; second, how do English-Indonesian translation shifts occur in Novel Inheritance.

The theory used in this paper was taken from the book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation by Catford (1965). His theory about the translation shifts was used to analyze the data source. I also applied the other theories that are considered relevant to the topic of discussion in this paper.

There were some steps done in collecting data after mastering the theories. The method that I used in collecting the data was library research. When the data were collected and identified, the data were rewritten and they were classified according to their types. Finally, the data were analyzed descriptively using the theory of translation shifts.

The types of translation shift were found the data source. They can be divided into two, level shifts and category shifts. Category shifts can be divided into four; they were structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Generally, the shifts that occurred in the translation were caused by some reasons; the different structure of the source language and the target language, English has tenses but Indonesian does not have it, and each language has its own form to express the meaning.

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul English-Indonesian Translation Shifts Found in Novel Inheritance. Data skripsi ini diambil dari novel berbahasa Inggris yang berjudul Inheritance karangan Christopher Paolini (2011) dan terjemahannya yang berbahasa Indonesianya dengan judul Inheritance – Warisan (2012) diterjemahkan oleh Poppy D. Chisfani. Analisa skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan variasi dari pergeseran terjemahan dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia yang terjadi di dua novel tersebut.

Pada dasarnya skripsi ini menjawab dua pertanyaan tentang pergeseran terjemahan. Yang pertama, pergeseran terjemahan Inggris-Indonesia apa yang ditemukan di Novel Inheritance; kedua, bagaimana pergeseran terjemahan Inggris-Indonesia terjadi di Novel Inheritance.

Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini diambil dari buku yang berjudul A Linguistic Theory of Translation oleh Catford (1965). Teori beliau tentang pergeseran terjemahan digunakan dalam menganalisa sumber data. Penulis juga menggunakan buku teori lainnya yang berhubungan dengan topik yang dibahas.

Ada beberapa macam langkah yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Metode yang digunakan penulis dalam mengumpulkan data adalah penelitian pustaka. Saat data dikumpulkan dan diteliti, data ditulis ulang dan dikelompokkan menurut jenis-jenisnya. Akhirnya, data dianalisa secara deskriptif berdasarkan teory pergeseran terjemahan.

Jenis-jenis pergeseran terjemahan telah ditemukan di sumber data. Pergeseran dapat dibagi menjadi dua, pergeseran level dan pergeseran kategori. Pergeseran kategori dapat dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu pergeseran struktur, pergeseran kelas, pergeseran unit dan pergeseran intra-system. Umumnya, pergeseran-pergeseran ini terjadi di terjemahan karena beberapa sebab; yaitu struktur dari bahasa sumber dan bahasa target adalah berbeda, bahasa Inggris memiliki bentuk waktu tetapi bahasa Indonesia tidak memilikinya, dan setiap bahasa memiliki bentuknya sendiri untuk mengungkapkan makna.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Problems

Language is one of the most important parts of human life. It is the human capacity for using complex systems of communication, and a language is a specific example of such a system. There are so many languages in this world. Chinese, Japanese, French, Germany, English and Spanish are some examples of popular languages. Most people in this world use English as their first or second language. English is one of those popular languages that is known as an international language. We know that English is used in song lyrics, in speech, in movie dialogues etc. Sometime English is also translated into other languages.

Translation in English plays an important role in communication between two different languages. Larson stated that translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrase, clause, sentences, paragraph, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language (Larson, 1984: 3).

Publication media is the place of many various kinds of translation. Novel is one of the most popular publications. There are thousands novels publicized in the world and many best-seller novels are translated into some languages. An English-language novel can be translated into some languages like French, Japanese, Indonesian, Spain etc. Like common popular novels, Inheritance (2011) by Christopher Paolini (English) is also translated into many languages and one of them is Indonesian.

We can find English-Indonesian translation in Novel Inheritance. The original novel was translated into Indonesian by Poppy D. Chusfani and edited by Donna Widjajanto. In these novels, we can find an interesting case. Let us see these examples:

1. SL: The dragon Saphira roared, and the soldiers before her quailed. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Sang naga Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit yang berada di hadapannya mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

2. SL: An arrow whizzed past him; he paid it no mind (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Sebuah anak panah berdesing di dekatnya. Ia tidak mengindah-

kannya (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

In example number (1), the word soldiers in the source language (SL) is translated into para prajurit in target language (TL). This translation is called unit shift because soldiers is a word, it becomes para prajurit as a phrase.

Shift also occurs in example number (2), the word arrow in the source language is translated into anak panah in the target language. It is called unit shift too because arrow is a word and anak panah is a phrase.

There are also other interesting cases that related to translation shifts. In order to know more about translation shifts, we have to analyze it by doing a research. So, based on this background, I am interested in investigating about the variations of translation shifts found in English and Indonesian novels.

1.2 Scope of Discussion

Based on the background, there are many problems related to English-Indonesian translation shifts found in Novel Inheritance. I think, it is necessary to limit the discussion because of my limited time, cost and energy. So, it is impossible to analyze them all. In this case, I limit the discussion into two scope of discussions, they are:

1. What English-Indonesian translation shifts are found in Novel Inheritance?

2. How do English-Indonesian translation shifts occur in Novel Inheritance?

1.3 Aims

The aims of this study are divided into three parts; they are general aim, specific aim, and academic aim.

The general aim of this writing is to improve my knowledge in understanding theory of translation, which I have got during my study in the university. Further, I hope this writing can be used as additional knowledge to improve ability in analyzing shifts.

Beside the general aim, this research also has specific aim. The specific aim of this writing is to know more about shifts. I want to know about the variations of English-Indonesian translation shifts found Novel Inheritance.

The academic aim of this writing is to fulfill one of the requirements in completing my study in English Department Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University. The requirement is to obtain S1 degree and all of the students should make a terms paper before being graduated from Warmadewa University.

1.4 Theoretical Basis

In doing this research, I used a main theory and many supporting theories. The main theory in the analysis was taken from the theory proposed by Catford (1965) in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation. He stated that:

By “shifts” we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL (source language) to the TL (target language). Two major types of “shifts” occur: level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965: 73).

Beside theory from Catford, other theories were also used as supporting theories. List of them can be seen in the bibliography.

1.5 Method of Research

Method of research is very important in presenting the analysis of data as well as drawing conclusion. The method of research that used in this writing was applied in determining data source, data collection, and data analysis.

The data of this paper were taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance by Christopher Paolini (2011) and its translation in Indonesian entitled Inheritance – Warisan (2012) translated by Poppy D. Chusfani. These novels were chosen because these novels are fit to become my data source.

The data collecting of this paper was done by using library research. First, I read the two novels and then the data were collected by marking/quoting the sentences in the novels which are related to topic. Then the data were written on a paper and then the data were classified based on their relationship to the theory.

After the data were collected and classified based on their relationship to the theories of translation shifts, then they were analyzed descriptively using the theory of translation shifts. The theory about translation shifts that was used to analyze the data came from Catford. In seeing the structure of the language, it used the English structure. So, the concepts about Subject (S) and Predicate (P) in Indonesian were not used anymore.

CHAPTER II

RELATED STUDIES

In this chapter, it will be discussed about the translation process and its relations with translation shifts. Let us see the discussion below to have a clear understanding.

2.1 Definition of Translation

There are many definitions of translation defined and it is defined in many ways. If we analyze the translation, we will see that there are two languages involved in translation. That is the reason of knowing what translation is.

In her book entitled Meaning-Based Translation (1984), Larson argued the definition of translation by some statements. She stated that:

Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language (Larson, 1984: 3).

She also added that:

The form from which the translation is made will be called the source language and the form into which it is to be changed will be called the receptor language (Larson, 1984: 3).

Another definition of translation was also proposed by Catford in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965), he stated about the definition of translation that says:

Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in other (Catford, 1965: 1).

He also added:

Translation can be defined as follows: The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) (Catford, 1965: 20).

Catford also stated about translation, as a process, is always uni-directional: it is always performed in a given direction; from a Source Language into a Target Language. He used the abbreviations: SL for Source Language and TL for Target Language.

2.2 Kinds of Translation

According to Larson in her book entitled Meaning-Based Translation, there are two kinds of translation, one is form-based and the other is meaning-based translation. They are called the literal translation and idiomatic translation. To make it clear, let us see the discussion below.

2.2.1 Literal Translation

Literal translation is a form-based translation; in literal translation, the form of the source language is transferred into the form of the target language. Although this literal translation is useful for the purposes that related to the study of the source language, it has little help to the speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal translation has little communication value.

According to Larson in his book entitled Meaning-Based translation, literal translation is:

Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translations (Larson, 1984: 17).

Here is an example of literal translation:

SL: Koan daro (Chuava – Papua New Guinea).

TL: Your-name call! (Larson, 1984: 17).

Larson stated that this literal translation makes little sense in English. The appropriate translation would be What is your name? (Larson, 1984: 17).

This literal translation gives priority to form whether that in words, clause, or sentence and it makes the result of the translation sounds unnatural and has a little communication value. This translation often becomes a bad translation because the translator makes over the use of equivalent of the appropriate words with the contextual meaning.

Examples:

1) SL : Who has he been living with? (Margono, 1999: 4)

TL : Siapa telah dia tinggal dengan? (Margono, 1999: 4)

2) SL : Beliau sudah mendahului kita (Margono, 1999: 7).

TL : He has left before us (Margono, 1999: 7).

The translations above sound unnatural. The word who is simply translated into siapa. Has is translated into telah, he is translated into dia, been living is translated into tinggal and with is translated into dengan. The result is translated by word – for – word translation and it causes the combination of the target language sentence sounds unnatural and it usually makes the readers confused. This case also happens in the second example. The word beliau is simply translated into he, sudah into has, mendahului into left before and us into kita.

Larson in her book Meaning-Based translation quoted Barnwell’s statement (Barnwell 1980:18). It says: If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items makes the translation sound foreign. The following bilingual announcement was overheard at an airport.

2.2.2 Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation is the second types of translation. It can be found that the definition of idiomatic translation in Larson’s Meaning-Based translation which is written:

Idiomatic translation is meaning-based translations which make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language (Larson, 1984: 17).

Based on Larson’s statement, idiomatic translation uses meaning-based in the translating process. It means that a translator basically needs to know about the meaning of the source language before he transfers this meaning into other languages. Idiomatic translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. The idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation, it sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language.

Usually, some good translations are finished using mixtures of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation. So, by doing it, the results of the translation will sound more natural.

Example:

SL : Who has he been living with? (Margono, 1999: 4)

TL : Dengan siapa dia tinggal? (Margono, 1999: 4)

In example above, we can see that there is a change of structure. The word dengan is placed in front of the sentence and it makes the sentence better. The result of the translation is easier to understand and to accept by the readers.

Reproducing a good receptor language text which communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choice of the receptor language becomes the main purpose of a translator. Here is one more example of idiomatic translation:

Example:

SL : She is a woman of steel (Margono, 1999: 7).

TL : Dia wanita yang berjiwa kuat (Margono, 1999: 7).

Idiomatic translation above is acceptable for the target readers because it sounds natural. The phrase a woman of steel is not simply translated into seorang wanita dari besi but idiomatically translated into wanita berjiwa kuat because the translator understands the original meaning and knows both languages well.

Further, there are some types of translation proposed by Margono (1999).This explanation is based on Essential of Theory and Practice of Translation (Margono, 1999: 4). According to Margono, there are several types of translation:

a. Morpheme-by-morpheme Translation

English	Who	Has	He	Been	Liv-	-Ing	With
Indonesian	Penanya orang	Kata bantu aspek perfect	Personal tunggal maskulin	Past Participle be	hidup	Sedang	Dengan

Example above shows that the type of translation that used is morpheme-by-morpheme translation. Lexical morpheme (in this example live: hidup) in the translation is presented differently from grammatical morphemes. In this case, every morpheme is given an explanation about its function rather than its equivalent in the target language.

b. Word-by-word Translation

English	Who	Has	He	Been	Living	With
Indonesian	Siapa	Telah	Dia		Tinggal	Dengan

Word-by-word translation is used in the example above. Each word in the source language is translated into a word in the target language. If one of them has not a corresponding form, the word can be left untranslated (e.g. been).

c. Sentence-by-sentence Translation

English	Who has he been living with?
Indonesian	Dengan siapa dia tinggal?

A sentence above is considered as a unit of grammatical structure, it is not a text. Because it has not contexts, the translation is usually disappointed.

d. Contextual Translation

Margono concerned the discussion in this type of translation. When the translation is related to its context, a possible translation might be like this:

English	Who has he been living with?
Indonesian	Selama ini dengan siapa dia tinggal disana?

To make the sentence better and also fits the context, an addition selama ini in the beginning of the sentence and di sana in the end of the sentence is needed. These additions make the result of the translation better and acceptable in the target language.

2.3 The Process of Translation

Larson described about the process or steps of translation in her book entitled Meaning-Based translation; and here is the overview of the translation task:

Translation

Text to be translated

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

MEANING

Discover the meaning

Re-express the meaning

(Larson, 1984: 4)

Based on the diagram, it can be found that there are three major steps in the process of translation. Firstly, a translator needs to discover the meaning of the message in the source language (there is a text to be translated). After the translator gets the meaning, the process of determining the meaning that related to the communicated is needed. Finally, a translator needs to re-explain or re-express the meaning (the message) in target language using the translation equivalent.

Receptor Language

Source Language

Restructuring

Analysis

According to Margono, in his Essential of Theory and Practice of Translation, he proposed a diagram of translation process:

Transfer

Margono explained that the processes of analyzing a translation may consist of:

(a) Analyzing grammatical relationship between constituent parts.

(b) Identify the meanings of the semantic units.

For example, here is a translation from English as the source language into Indonesian as target language.

SL : The Balinese themselves are drawn to exhibition of trance and find them as interesting as the tourist (Margono, 1999: 14).

TL : Pertunjukan tarian yang penarinya mengalami kerauhan dikunjungi banyak penonton, termasuk wisatawan asing dan orang Bali sendiri. Pertunjukan itu sama menariknya bagi wisatawan maupun orang Bali (Margono, 1999: 14).

In the example above, the original meaning is not changed when translating the source language text into target language text. As we see above, almost all of the meanings in the source language text are translated again in the target language.

2.4 Translation Equivalence

Equivalence is very important in translating a language into other languages; it lies between the source and the target language. In understanding the equivalence, Catford stated a statement about equivalence in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965).

According to Catford, it is possible to generalize the condition for translation equivalence as follows:

Translation equivalence occurs when a SL and a TL text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the same features of substance (Catford, 1965: 50).

Based on the statement, it means when a source language text or item has some language relations at least the some features of substance with the target language, it is possible for the translation equivalence to occur. The translation cannot be based only upon some of meanings but however it must be related to some situations or contexts where the equivalence should be established.

If the requirement of the equivalent in the source language and target language are relatable, a problem that usually faced in founding this relation is caused by the quit difference cultures of the people who speak the target language with the target language.

Examples:

1) SL : Jam tangan anda sangat canggih.

TL : Your watch is very sophiscated (Margono, 1999: 7).

2) SL : Lontong

TL : Cooked rice wrapped in banana leaf (Margono, 1999: 2).

The example (1) jam tangan in source language has an equivalence watch in the target language, so there is not translating problem found here. But in example (2), lontong is difficult to translate to English. There is not English word that can be used to match lontong. So, the translator decided to modify it by using an explanation that is cooked rice wrapped in banana leaf.

2.5 Definition of Translation Shifts

Translation shifts is a changing of form when it is translated from the source language into target language. Catford, in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965) explained the definition and concept of translation shifts. He stated that:

By ‘shifts’ we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965: 73).

Further, Catford stated about the relationship between translation shifts and formal correspondence. He also divided translation shifts into two major types. He stated that two major types of shift occur; they are level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965: 73).

2.5.1 Level Shifts

In A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Catford stated that:

By shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level (Catford, 1965: 73).

Then, he stated that by level shift means a shift from grammar to lexis; and here are the examples.

Examples:

1) SL: I am working hard.

TL: Saya sedang bekerja keras (Margono, 1999: 21).

2) SL: I have worked hard.

TL: Saya sudah bekerja keras (Margono, 1999: 21).

From the text in the source language above, it is found that the grammatical item tobe + -ing (pattern of Present Continuous Tense in English) in the source language is translated into sedang in the target language. So the level shift in the translation is indicated by grammar in the source language which is translated into lexis in the target language.

Level shift also happens in the example (2) because the form have + Perfect Tense marker (pattern of Present Perfect Tense in English) in the source language is translated into target language by using the lexis sudah.

2.5.2 Category Shifts

According to Catford, the second type of translation shifts is category shift. Catford defined that:

Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation (Catford, 1965: 76).

It means that category shifts are related with formal correspondence and Catford also stated about this formal correspondence as follows:

A formal correspondence is any Target Language (TL) category which may be said to occupy as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the economy of the Target Language (TL) as the given source language (SL) category occupies in the source language (SL). (Catford, 1965: 32)

He explained that in grammar, for example: structure-shifts can occur at all ranks. It has a large part in the translation shifts that may happen.

In order to understand more about category shifts, it should be discussed about the classification of category shifts. The category shift is divided into four, they are: structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra system shift (Catford, 1965: 76). Further explanation about them will be given on next subs.

2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts

The most frequent category shift that occurs in translation is structure shift. It occurs at all rank in translation. It occurs in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation. (Catford, 1965: 6)

According to Catford’s concept about structure, it is said that:

A structure is an arrangement of elements (subject, predicator, object, complement, adjunct) (Catford, 1965: 6).

Structure shifts is indicated by a situation when there are two languages which have different element of structure. Besides, the source language and target language should have formal correspondence.

Examples:

1) SL: I wash myself.

S V O

TL: Saya mandi (Margono, 1999: 20).

S P

2) SL: The book is on the table.

M H

TL: Buku itu ada di atas meja (Erhans, 2007: 154).

H M

In the example above, it can be found that the source language has different structure of sentence level and phrase level with the target language. In the example (1) the source language has sentence structure I (S), wash (V) and myself (O). Its translation has different sentence structure in the target language, that is saya (S) and mandi (P). From its translation, it can be seen that one element that is object myself in the source language is not translated in target language.

In example number (2) it is found that the translation has different structure of phrase from the the book into buku itu. The phrase the book in the source language consists of Modifier-Head (MH) pattern, modifier the and head book. It is translated into buku itu, which consists of Head-Modifier (HM) pattern; head buku and modifier itu.

2.5.2.2 Class Shifts

Class shift, as explained by Catford, is a shift that occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. It means that SL has different class with TL (Catford, 1965: 78).

A shift of class can happen from a noun into adjective, verbs into adjectives etc. To simplify the illustration of each word classes, we may explore the explanations of word classes by Quirk in his book entitle A University Grammar of English as follow.

Classes of word in English are adjective, adverb, noun, pronoun, and verb. Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. We can identify a word is an adjective by considering what inflections or affixes it will allow. Adjective can be modified by the intensifier very, as in The children are very happy (Quirk, 1973: 114). Adjective also shows comparative and superlative form, The children are happier now as an example (Quirk, 1973: 115). Adjective functions as attributive, as shown in The beautiful painting (Quirk, 1973: 115). Adjective functions as object complement, for example: He pulled his belt tight (Quirk, 1973: 115). And adjective also functions as head of noun phrase, as like in the following example The extremely old need a great deal of attention (Quirk, 1973: 118).

Adverb is a word or group of words that describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence. The most characteristic of the adverb is morphological; the majority of the adverbs have the derivational suffix -ly. Adverb has two characteristics (functions); those are adverbs functions as adverbial, can be seen from He spoke to me about it briefly. The second function is adverb as modifier of adjective and adverb, which can be seen from She has a really beautiful face, and They are smoking very heavily (adverb as intensifier) (Quirk, 1973: 125-127).

Noun is a word or group of words that refers to a person, a place, a thing or activity, or a quality or an idea. Noun can be divided into two subclasses; they are Count Noun and Non-Count Noun. Count noun means the noun which must be seen as individual countable entities and cannot be viewed as an undifferentiated mass (such as: chair, word, finger, remark). And Non-Count Noun means the noun which must be seen group of things as an undifferentiated mass or continuum (such as: grass, warmth, humor). Basically, the noun is also as the noun phrase that functions as subject, object, complement of the sentence, and as complement in prepositional phrase. In The girl is Mary Smith (Quirk, 1973: 59), the girl functions as a subject.

Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Pronoun constitutes a heterogeneous class of items with numerous subclasses, like: they, we, I, you, he, she, it, etc.

Verb is the element of sentence that expresses or describes an action, an event, experience, or a state which is performed by the subject and it stands before object. One example of verb is grew in His brother grew happier gradually (Quirk, 1973: 12). The word grew in the example above is a verb; the word here can be said as a verb because it states an action of the subject.

And here are the examples of class shift:

1) SL: Mereka bekerja dengan lambat.

TL: They are working slowly. (Sneddon, 1996: 336).

2) SL: Mereka melawan teroris dengan gigih.

TL: They opposed the terrorists resolutely. (Sneddon, 1996: 336).

From the example above, the source language is Indonesian and the target language is English. In the example (1), the word lambat in the source language functions as an adjective; and the word slowly in the target language functions as an adverb. So, the translation equivalent of the adjective lambat in the source language is the adverb slowly in the target language.

Class shift also occurs in the example (2). It happens from an adjective into an adverb. The word gigih in the source language is an adjective and it is translated into resolutely which is categorized as an adverb in the target language.

2.5.2.3 Unit/rank Shifts

Catford defined unit shift as a change of rank, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL (Catford, 1965: 79).

Unit shift as a change of rank may happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Oxford dictionary defined word as a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of a language (Oxford Dictionary: 1374). Whereas Longman Dictionary defined it as the smallest unit of spoken language which has meaning and can stand alone, such as: good, goodness (Longman Dictionary: 1213).

Phrase by Oxford dictionary was defined as a group of words without a verb, especially one that forms part of sentence: The green car and a half past four are phrases (Oxford dictionary: 868). Both phrases in examples above have a higher position (unit/rank) than word.

A shift of unit can happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Here are examples of unit shifts:

Examples:

1) SL: Your watch is very sophisticated.

TL: Jam tangan anda sangat canggih (Margono, 1999: 6).

2) SL: There is an exhibition.

TL: Ada pertunjukan (Margono, 1999:15).

In the example (1), it is found that a unit shift in translation shows a change of rank. As we see, the word watch (in lower rank) in the source language is translated into a phrase jam tangan (in higher rank) in the target language.

Unit shift is also found in the second example, the noun phrase an exhibition (higher rank) in source language is translated into a word pertunjukan which is a part of the lower rank in the target language.

2.5.2.4 Intra-system Shifts

Intra-system shift is the shift occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those cases where the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but it does not occurs when translation involves the selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system (Catford, 1965: 80). Moreover, in each language, the system is one of two terms, they are singular and plural and these terms are also regarded as formally corresponding. Below are the examples of intra-system shift:

Examples:

1) SL: Balinese people go to the exhibition.

TL: Orang Bali menonton pertunjukan itu. (Margono, 1999: 15)

2) SL: Tourists pay attention to the exhibition.

TL: Wisatawan menaruh perhatian kepada pertunjukan itu.

(Margono, 1999: 15)

From both examples, it can be found that there are departures from the source language into target language. There is a corresponding plural form for people through a repetition of the word orang (orang-orang) in Indonesian, but the Indonesian language system shows it in a singular form orang. It also has a corresponding plural form for tourists through a repetition of the word wisatawan (wisatawan-wisatawan) or using additional word para + wisatawan in Indonesian, but the system of Indonesian language still shows it in a singular form wisatawan.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

What has been explained in chapter two is about translation and translation shifts; now in this chapter it will be described about the analysis of translation shifts that were found in the data source and how do they occur. The data were taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance (2011) written by Christopher Paolini and the Indonesian version of the novel entitled Inheritance - Warisan (2012). It was translated by Poppy D. Chusfany. The analysis of translation shifts that were found in the novels are described in the following sub chapters.

3.1 Level Shifts

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3.1.1 Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing) Shifted into sedang

Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Continuous marker (was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang in the translation were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.

Examples:

1) SL: He and Saphira were in the courtyard of the castle, away from the men who were laboring to clear it- pilling stones and bodies alike into carts – and from the people streaming in and out of the damaged building, many of whom had been present at Nasuada’s audience with King Halfpaw and were now leaving to attend to other duties. (Paolini, 2011: 43).

TL: Ia dan saphira berada di pekarangan kastel, menjauh dari para pejuang yang sedang bekerja membersihkan tempat itu – menumpuk bebatuan dan mayat-mayat ke gerobak – dan dari orang-orang yang mengalir keluar-masuk bangunan yang rusak, banyak diantara mereka yang tadi hadir ketika Nasuada bicara dengan Raja Halfpaw dan sekarang pergi untuk melakukan tugas lain. (Chusfani, 2012: 55).

2) SL: He was in the middle of wringing out the last item, and his freshly poured tea was waiting for him next to Katrina, when someone shouted their names from across the busy way. (Paolini, 2011: 66).

TL: Ia sedang memeras kain terakhir, dan tehnya yang baru dituang menunggunya di sebelah Katrina, ketika seseorang meneriakkan nama mereka dari seberang jalan yang ramai. (Chusfani, 2012: 74).

3) SL: With a faint sense of surprise, he realized that Nasuada was calling his name. (Paolini, 2011: 274).

TL: Dengan sedikit terkejut, Roran tersadar Nasuada sedang memanggil-manggil namanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).

4) SL: Eragon locked eyes with Arya and found within them a combination of determination and defensiveness, as if she was challenging him to attempt to pry open her secrets, but she was also afraid of what would happen if he did. (Paolini, 2011: 314).

TL: Eragon berpandangan dengan Arya, dan Eragon melihat kombinasi tekad serta sorot defensive dalam matanya, seakan-akan elf itu sedang menantangnya untuk mencoba memeras rahasia dari dalam dirinya, tapi juga takut tentang apa yang bakal terjadi jika Eragon mampu melakukannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 264).

5) SL: The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes. (Paolini, 2011: 509).

TL: Dengan bingung Eragon melihat si werecat sedang memperhatikan-nya dengan mata biru sedingin es. (Chusfani, 2012: 417).

It can be stated that level shift occurs in example number (1). The structure of were + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. In this case, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The men who were laboring to clear it means the activity of laboring by the subject the men was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

The level shift also occurs in the example number (2). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. In this example, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift of level occurs because in English, was/were + -ing is used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense). He was in the middle of wringing means the activity of wringing by the subject he was in progress or ongoing. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning, it can be said that the quality of the translation is pretty good.

There is a level shift in the example number (3). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. So, it means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift occurs because in English, was/were + -ing can be used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (past continuous tense). Nasuada was calling his name means the activity of calling by the subject Nasuada was in progress or ongoing. There is not specific form to express such activity in Indonesian. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is pretty good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

Seen from the example number (4), there is a level shift. The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. It can be said that the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. She was challenging him means the activity of challenging by the subject she was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

A shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of was+ -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. It means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes means the activity of watching by the subject werecat was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

3.1.2 Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah

Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Perfect marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah in the translation were found. Let us see the examples below.

Examples:

1) SL: Though Eragon had eaten and then rested for perhaps an hour, his weariness had not entirely abated. (Paolini, 2011: 51).

TL: Meski Eragon sudah makan dan beristirahat selama kira-kira satu jam, keletihannya belum benar-benar sirna. (Chusfani, 2012: 61).

2) SL: Someone had shot at him with a crossbow from the roof of a building. (Paolini, 2011: 57).

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TL: Malam sudah turun, dan satu-satunya cahaya dalam kamar tidur mewah itu dating dari dua batang lilin pada meja dan api kecil yang berpendar dari perapian dekat ranjang yang bertiang empat yang kosong. (Chusfani, 2012: 230).

5) SL: “If ever I get the chance, I’ll kill you for this,” Tharos had said. (Paolini, 2011: 274).

TL: “Kalau punya kesempatan, aku akan membunuhmu,” Tharos telah berkata. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).

There is a level shift in example number (1). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. The level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Pense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, the pattern of had + Past Participle marker is used. Eragon had eaten means the activity of eating by the subject Eragon occurred in the past up to the present time. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, between the source language and target language there is a level shift. The quality of the translation in this example is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

Seen from the translation shift, example number (2) shows a level shift. The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. So, the shift of level happens from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Someone had shot at him shows that the activity of shooting by the subject someone occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is a level shift. Seen from the translation, both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning. So, it can be said that the quality of the translation is pretty good.

Shift of level also occurs in the example (3), the structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. This level shift also happens from grammar to lexis. The reason is similar; it occurs because in English, the pattern of had + Past Participle marker can be used to express the Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past. He had traded his armor means the activity of trading by the subject he occurred in the past up to the present time. Meanwhile Indonesian does not have specific form to express such activity. It is expressed by word such as telah in Indonesian. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. The quality of the translation in this example is also good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

Seeing the example number (4), it can be stated that there is a shift of level. The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. It means the shift of level happens from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Night had fallen means the activity of falling by the subject night occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, this activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, it is correct that between the source language and target language there is a level shift. In this example, the source language and the target language carry the same meaning. So, it can be stated that the quality of the translation is good.

A shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. It means the level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Tharos had said means the activity saying by the subject tharos occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

3.2 Category Shifts

Beside the level shift, we also have category shifts. Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation. There are four types of category shifts; they are structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. Usually, they are found in the translation results from English to Indonesian.

3.2.1 Structure Shifts

Structure shifts are the shifts that happen when the source language structure and target language structure are different. These shifts usually occur in the level of phrase, clause, and sentence. For a clearer discussion, let us see the following analysis.

3.2.1.1 Structure Shifts in Phrase Level

Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of structure that occur in the level of phrase were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.

Examples:

1) SL: The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of

M M H

black clouds building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-

H M M

warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

2) SL: The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of

black clouds building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

M H

TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-

warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-

H M

gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

3) SL: A faint golden glow filled the tent as he lifted the lid of the chest. M M M H (Paolini, 2011: 52).

TL: Pendar cahaya keemasan samar memenuhi tenda ketika Eragon

M H M M

mengangkat tutup peti. (Chusfani, 2012: 62).

4) SL: The dim gray light from the cloudy sky fell upon him as Arya M M M H

pushed aside the entrance flap. (Paolini, 2011: 53).

TL: Cahaya kelabu suram dari langit berawan menerpa Eragon ketika

H M M

arya menyibakkan pintu tenda sampai terbuka. (Chusfani, 2012: 63).

5) SL: Our trap has sprung shut around him. (Paolini, 2011: 82).

M H

TL: Jebakan kita menjeratnya. (Chusfani, 2012: 86).

H M

The examples above show us that the target language has different phrase structure from the target language. In example number (1), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure the blue sword which is composed by pre-modifier the, pre-modifier blue and head sword is translated into pedang biru itu in Indonesian. The phrase pedang biru itu is formed by the head pedang, post-modifier biru and post-modifier itu. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. It happens because the basic structure of the source language noun phrase is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. The structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase the blue sword into pedang biru itu is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.

Similar to the first example, in example number (2) there is also a structure shift. The noun phrase structure black clouds in the source language consists of pre modifier black and head clouds. It is translated into a different phrase structure, that is awan hitam. The noun phrase in the target language consists of head awan and post modifier hitam. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase level. It also happens because the basic noun phrase structure of the source language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. In this case, the structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase black clouds into awan hitam is pretty good because there is not lost meaning on the result.

In the example number (3), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure a faint golden glow in the source language is composed by pre modifier a, pre modifier faint, pre modifier golden and head glow. The target language has a different phrase structure, that is pendar cahaya keemasan samar. It is composed by the pre modifier pendar, head cahaya, post modifier keemasan and post modifier samar. It can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level because the basic structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is different. The inversion between the source and the target language noun phrase still causes this shift to occur. As we know that the structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier – pre modifier – pre modifier – head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is pre modifier – head – post modifier – post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase a faint golden glow into pendar cahaya keemasan samar is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.

A shift of structure also happens in the fourth example. The noun phrase structure the dim gray light in the source language consists of pre modifier the, pre modifier dim, pre modifier gray and head light. The target language has a different phrase structure, that is cahaya kelabu suram. The head is filled by cahaya and the post modifiers are filled by kelabu and suram. It can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase level because the structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is different. This happens because the noun basic phrase structure of the source language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can make a statement that the translation from the phrase the dim gray light into cahaya kelabu suram is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.

Example number (5) shows us that there is a level shift. The noun phrase structure our trap in the source language consists of pre modifier our and head trap. It is translated into jebakan kita, which has a different phrase structure. The phrase in the target language consists of the head jebakan and post modifier kita. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. This happens because the noun phrase structure of the source language above is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English noun phrase is pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Seeing this translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase our trap into jebakan kita is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.

3.2.1.2 Structure Shifts in Sentence Level

Beside the structure shifts in phrase level, the structure shifts that occur in the level of sentence were found too. Based on the data source, there were shifts of structure in sentence level; they were from SVC into S+C.

Examples:

1) SL: Eragon’s shout was so loud (Paolini, 2011: 19).

S V C

TL: Teriakan Eragon begitu keras (Chusfani, 2012: 35).

S C

2) SL: His voice was deep (Paolini, 2011: 38).

S V C

TL: Suaranya dalam (Chusfani, 2012: 51).

S C

3) SL: Galbatorix is mad (Paolini, 2011: 49).

S V C

TL: Galbatorix gila (Chusfani, 2012: 60).

S C

4) SL: The scars were asymmetrical (Paolini, 2011: 69).

S V C

TL: Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris (Chusfani, 2012: 76).

S C

5) SL: They were too quiet (Paolini, 2011: 265).

S V C

TL: Mereka terlalu tenang (Chusfani, 2012: 226).

S C

Structure shift in sentence level occurs in example number (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). The sentence structure of the source language in example number (1) is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Eragon’s shout as subject, was as verb, and so loud as complement. In the target language, teriakan Eragon becomes the subject, and begitu keras as the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language is untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Teriakan Eragon begitu keras actually comes from teriakan Eragon adalah begitu keras with the structure of teriakan Eragon as subject, adalah as verb, and begitu keras as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be removed in Indonesian. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.

In example number (2), the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of his voice as subject, was as verb, and deep as complement. In the target language, suaranya is the subject, and dalam becomes the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language seems untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Suaranya dalam actually comes from Suaranya adalah dalam with the structure of suaranya as subject, adalah as verb, and dalam as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from the translation quality, we can conclude that the sentence translation from the source language into target language is adequate because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.

Shift of structure also occurs in the third example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Galbatorix as subject, is as verb, and mad as complement. In the target language, Galbatorix is the subject, and gila becomes the complement. The sentence element verb is in the source language does not exist when it is translated into target language. It occurs that English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Galbatorix gila actually comes from Galbatorix adalah gila with the structure of Galbatorix as subject, adalah as verb, and gila as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from its translation, we can make a conclusion that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is adequately because there is not lost meaning.

Similar to the previous example, the sentence structure of the source language in example (4) is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of the scars as subject, were as verb, and asymmetrical as complement. In the target language, luka-luka goresan itu is the subject, and tidak simetris becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language is untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris actually comes from Luka-luka goresan itu adalah tidak simetris with the structure of luka-luka goresan itu as subject, adalah as verb, and tidak simetris as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seeing this condition, we can make a statement that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is adequate because its structure is simplified and there is not lost meaning that occurs.

In the last example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of they as subject, were as verb, and too quiet as complement. In the target language, mereka is the subject, and terlalu tenang becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language seems untranslated into the target language. In Indonesian, the subject of the sentence can be directly followed by complement. Mereka terlalu tenang actually comes from mereka adalah terlalu tenang with the structure of mereka as subject, adalah as verb, and terlalu tenang as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Based on this translation, it can be stated that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because there is not lost meaning.

3.2.2 Class Shifts

Class shift means a shift of a class in the source language into a different class in the target language. We can see the class shifts that were found in the data source in the following examples.

3.2.2.1 Adverb to Adjective

A shift of class may occur from adverb to adjective in the translation of source language into target language. The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.

1) SL: “Kill him!” the robed man ordered, sounding more frightened than lordly. (Paolini, 2011: 23).

TL: “Bunuh dia!” lelaki berjubah tadi memerintah, kedengarannya lebih ketakutan daripada berwibawa. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).

2) SL: Arya initiated the first attack, and within the span of a second, Eragon found himself standing hunched over at an awkward angle, her blade pressed against the left side of his neck, tugging painfully at his skin. (Paolini, 2011: 299).

TL: Arya memulai serangan pertama, dan dalam waktu sedetik saja, Eragon mendapati dirinya membungkuk dalam sudut canggung, bilah pedang Arya menempel pada sisi kiri lehernya, menarik kulitnya sampai pedih. (Chusfani, 2012: 253).

In the first example, it is a class shift which occurs here. The word lordly in the source language is a member of adverbs and it is translated into berwibawa which is an adjective in the target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from an adverb in the source language into adjective in the target language. This shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

There is a class shift in example number (2). The word painfully in the source language belongs to an adverb and it is translated into pedih which is an adjective in the target language. So, the class shift happens between adverb in the source language and adjective in the target language. Like the previous example, this shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation is pretty good because both languages carry the same meaning.

3.2.2.2 Noun to Verb

A shift of class also occurs from noun to verb in the translation of source language into target language. The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.

1) SL: The gold thread in their tunics glittered as they stirred with surprise. (Paolini, 2011: 23).

TL: Benang emas pada tunik mereka berkilauan ketika mereka bergerak terkejut. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).

2) SL: While Blodhgarm labored over Roran, Eragon picked up Brisingr, then stood guard with Arya at the entrance in case any soldiers were so foolhardy as to launch an attack. (Paolini, 2011: 27).

SL: Sementara Bloghgarm mengurusi Roran, Eragon memungut Brisingr, kemudian berdiri berjaga-jaga bersama Arya pada pintu masuk kalau-kalau ada prajurit yang cukup dungu untuk menyerang mereka. (Chusfani, 2012: 42).

In the first example, it is the class shift that happens here. The word surprise in the source language is a member of nouns and it is translated into terkejut which is a verb in the target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from a noun in the source language into verb in the target language. This shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Seeing the translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

Similar to previous example, class shift also occurs in the example number (2). The word attack in the source language belongs to a noun and it is translated into menyerang which belongs to a verb in the target language. The class shift happens between noun in the source language and verb in the target language. As we can see before, this shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, it can be stated that the translation is good because the same meaning is carried by the source language and the target language.

3.2.3 Unit Shifts

Unit shift is a change of rank, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shift as a change of rank may happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Based on the data source, the analysis was focused on the unit shift that occurs from word to phrase and vice versa.

3.2.3.1 Word to Phrase

A shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language word into a target language phrase. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.

1) SL: The rider tugged on the reins and angled his horse toward Saphira, who began to rear onto her hind legs, in preparation for delivering a terrible, killing blow with her right front paw. (Paolini, 2011: 8).

TL: Si penunggang menarik tali kekang dan mengarahkan kudanya ke Saphira, yang mulai berdiri di kaki belakangnya, bersiap untuk melakukan hantaman mematikan menggunakan kaki kanan depannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).

2) SL: The dragon Saphira roared, and the soldiers before her quailed. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Sang naga Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit yang berada di hadapannya mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

3) SL: On the other side of the mound lay a wide courtyard. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Di sisi lain timbunan terdapat pekarangan dalam yang luas. (Chusfani, 2012: 21)

4) SL: With a cry, Eragon leaped off the rubble toward the soldiers. (Paolini, 2011: 1).

TL: Sambil berteriak, Eragon melompat dari gundukan puing ke arah para prajurit. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

5) SL: Galbatorix is mad and therefore unpredictable. (Paolini, 2011: 49).

TL: Galbatorix gila, maka dia tidak bisa ditebak. (Chusfani, 2012: 60)

In example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The word reins in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into tali kekang which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. This happens because the word reins in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is the noun phrase tali kekang. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the word reins into phrase tali kekang is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

In example number (2), the kind of shift that occurs here is unit shift. The word soldiers in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into para prajurit which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word soldiers in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase para prajurit. Based on its translation, we can make a statement which says the translation from the word soldiers into phrase para prajurit is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

The kind of shift that occurs in example number (3) is unit shift. The word courtyard in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into pekarangan dalam which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word courtyard in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase pekarangan dalam. About the quality of the translation, we can state that the translation from the word courtyard into phrase pekarangan dalam is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

Example number (4) shows us an example of unit shift. The word rubble in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into gundukan puing which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word rubble in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase gundukan puing. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word rubble into phrase gundukan puing is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

In the last example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The word unpredictable in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into tidak bisa ditebak which is ranked as a adjective phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. Like the previous example, this happens because the word unpredictable in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the adjective phrase tidak bisa ditebak. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word unpredictable into phrase tidak bisa ditebak is pretty good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

3.2.3.2 Phrase to Word

Beside the word to phrase shift, a shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language phrase into a target language word too. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.

1) SL: The sound was stabbing. (Paolini, 2011: 16).

TL: Suara itu menusuk. (Chusfani, 2012: 33).

2) SL: Blodhgarm and his fellow spellcasters can conjure up a facsimile of Eragon, as they did before (Paolini, 2011: 354).

TL: Blodhgarm dan rekan-rekan perapal mantranya bisa memunculkan tiruan Eragon, seperti yang pernah mereka lakukan. (Chusfani, 2012: 24).

3) SL: Once the arrows ceased, Eragon transferred Brisingr to his left hand, picked up one of the soldiers’ spears, and heaved it at the archers forty feet above. (Paolini, 2011: 6).

TL: Begitu hujan anak panah berhenti, Eragon memindahkan Brisingr ke tangan kirinya, memungut salah satu tombak prajurit, dan melontarkannya ke para pemanah sekitar dua belas meter di atas. (Chusfani, 2012: 25).

4) SL: She threw back her spiky head and roared her triumph, drowning out the clamor of the city with ferocity of her cry. (Paolini, 2011: 7).

TL: Ia melontarkan kepalanya yang bertanduk ke arah atas dan meraungkan kemenangan, menenggelamkan keributan dalam kota dengan keganasan jeritannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).

5) SL: Many were hunched over, as if expecting a blow; others gaped at the front of the damaged keep. (Paolini, 2011: 19).

TL: Banyak yang merunduk, seolah-olah menyangka bakal ada ledakan; yang lain-lain ternganga menatap bagian depan benteng. (Chusfani, 2012: 35).

In example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in that example is unit shift. The noun phrase was stabbing in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into menusuk which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase was stabbing in the source language can be represented using a single word menusuk in the source language. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase was stabbing into word menusuk is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.

In the second example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The verb phrase conjure up in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into memunculkan which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. Like the previous example, this shift happens because the phrase conjure up in the source language can be represented using a single word memunculkan in the source language. If we focus on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase conjure up into word memunculkan is good because there is not lost meaning in the result, although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.

In example number (3), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The verb phrase picked up in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into memungut which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase pick up in the source language can be represented using a single word memungut in the source language. About the translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase picked up into word memungut is good because there is not lost meaning in the result, and even the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.

The kind of shift that occurs in example number (4) is unit shift. The verb phrase threw back in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into melontarkan which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because a single word melontarkan in the source language can represent the phrase threw back in the source language. Like the previous example, we can state that the translation from the phrase threw back into word melontarkan is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.

The example number (5) shows us an example of unit shift. The verb phrase hunched over in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into merunduk which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because a single word merunduk in the source language can represent the phrase hunched over in the source language. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase hunched over into word merunduk is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is actually represented as a single word in the target language.

3.2.4 Intra-system Shifts

Intra-system shift is the shift that occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those cases where source language and target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system (Catford, 1965: 80).

Examples:

1) SL: The men shuffled backward, although they kept their spears and pikes trained on the ragged hole Saphira had torn in the castle’s outer wall. (Paolini, 2011: 2).

TL: Lelaki-lelaki itu mundur, meski mereka membiarkan tombak dan seligi terpancang pada lubang kasar yang dibuat Saphira pada tembok luar kastel. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).

2) SL: A directionless blue light illuminated the space. (Paolini, 2011: 25).

TL: Cahaya biru menerangi ruangan. (Chusfani, 2012: 39).

3) SL: Grimrr’s chest swelled, and his expression became, if possible, even more self-satisfied. (Paolini, 2011: 39).

TL: Dada Grimrr menggembung, dan ekspressinya, jika mungkin, menjadi lebih pongah lagi. (Chusfani, 2012: 52).

4) SL: He motioned toward the entrance of the tent. (Paolini, 2011: 55).

TL: Ia menunjuk pintu tenda. (Chusfani, 2012: 65).

5) SL: He wants us to bring you to him. (Paolini, 2011: 492).

TL: Dia ingin kita membawamu kepadanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 403).

As we can see, intra-system shift occurs in the first example, the words spears and pikes in the source language are categorized as plural nouns. But, they are translated into words tombak and seligi which are categorized as singular nouns in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires a clear form of written or spoken plural nouns, but Indonesian language does not do that. In Indonesian, the use of singular noun is generally used to refer something in common or plural nouns. Based on its translation, the translations of the words spears and pikes into tombak and seligi are good because both source language text and target language text have or carry the same meaning.

In example number (2), it is an intra-system shift that occurs here. The word illuminated in the source language is in a past form. But, it is translated into the word menerangi which does not have past form in the target language. It happens because English has many forms of verb used in tenses, but Indonesian does not have them. Because both source language text and target language text have or carry the same meaning, it can be said that the translation of the word illiminated into menerangi is good.

Seen from the translation shifts, example number (3) shows intra-system shift. The possessive marker ‘s in the source language is untranslated in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires a certain marker of possessive, but Indonesian language does not do that. In Indonesian, the structure of dada+ Grimrr is enough to show that dada belongs to Grimrr. Seen from the translation, it can be stated that the translation between the source language and the target language is good because both of them have or carry the same meaning.

Intra-system shift also occurs in the example (4). The preposition of in the source language is used to show possessive; in this case, the entrance belongs to the tent. But, it is omitted in the target language. It happens because Indonesian language does not certainly require prepositions in showing possessive like English does. In Indonesian, the structure of pintu+ tenda is enough to show that pintu belongs to tenda. Based on the translation, it can be said that the translation between the source language and the target language is good because they carry the same meaning.

In example number (5), there is an intra-system shift. The word he in the source language shows that the gender of this pronoun is male. But, it is translated into the word dia which does not show its gender in the target language. It happens because the third person dia in Indonesian language may represent both genders, male and female. The translation between the source language and the target language is good because both of them carry the same meaning.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

4.1 Conclusion

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4.2 Suggestion

To know and comprehend more about translation shifts, we have to do more researches. They are very interesting to analyze because we can find them easily in daily life. By finishing the researches, it can be explained in detail about the kinds, the cases, or the reason of how do they occur in the translation. So, I suggest the students to continue the researches about translation shifts.

For the students, it is important for us to stop wasting the time in learning English. We must be able to speak English very well. That is why as students, we should study hard to get our purposes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.

Erhans A. 2007. Penguasaan Tata Bahasa – Bahasa Inggris: English Grammar. Surabaya: Penerbit Indah.

Hornby, A. S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Larson, Mildred. L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation. New York: University Press of America.

Margono. 1999. Essentials of Theory and Practice of Translation. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana.

Polini, Christopher. 2011. Inheritance. New York: Laurel-Leaf.

Paolini, Christopher. 2012. Inheritance – Warisan. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman Group.

Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin

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Wednesday, February 5, 2014

Contoh Skripsi Sastra Inggris - Sastra Inggris Linguistik - Contoh Skripsi Bahasa Inggris

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