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ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION SHIFTS FOUND IN NOVEL INHERITANCE
BY:
ARIS DARMAPATI
09.41.121.046
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION SHIFTS
FOUND IN NOVEL INHERITANCE
BY:
ARIS DARMAPATI
09.41.121.046
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
ADVISOR AGREEMENT
This
paper has been approved to be examined by the Examining Board of English
Department, Faculty of Letters,
Warmadewa
University, Denpasar.
Advisors
Chairman Secretary
|
DRS. NYOMAN
SUJAYA, M.Hum
NIP. 195610141985031002
|
|
DRA. A.A.
INTEN MAYUNI, M.Hum
NIP. 195905151993032001
|
This paper is submitted as partial fulfillment to be
obtain the degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department, Faculty of
Letters,
Warmadewa University
Approved
by
The Examining Board of English Department,
Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University
August
28th, 2013
Denpasar,
1. Drs.
Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum _______________ (Chairman)
2. Dra.
A.A. Inten Mayuni, M.Hum _______________ (Secretary)
3. Drs.
Ketut Sudrama, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
4. Drs.
Ketut Subagia, SS, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
5. Drs.
A.A. Gede Suarjaya, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
PREFACE
First of all, I wish to thank God
for His blessing and mercies, so that it made me able to complete this writing
at the proper time. There were so many problems and difficulties in the process
of writing the paper that I faced. By working hard and the useful helps of my advisors,
those problems were overcome.
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum, as the Dean of Faculty of Letters,
Warmadewa University and as my first advisor, Dra. A.A. Inten Mayuni, M.Hum as
my second advisor, Drs. Wayan Ana, M.Hum as the Head of English Department and
all lectures in Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
In this opportunity I also would
like to express my special gratitude to my lovely parents and brother who have
supported me in finishing my study. Thanks to my best friends (Tim Nuas) Sudana, Wisnu, Sucar, Prima,
Indra, Surya, Sansan, Sudewa,
Swandenata, Ngurah, Muditha and many more from English Department, Faculty of
letters, Warmadewa University; thanks for giving me your support in the process
of making this paper.
Finally, I realize that this paper
is still far from being perfect, therefore any constructive critics and
suggestions for the improvement of this writing are really appreciated. I hope
this writing will be useful for all of us, especially the students of English
Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
Denpasar,
August 2013
Aris
Darmapati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.
Background and Problems 1
1.2
Scope of Discussion 3
1.3
Aims 3
1.4
Theoretical Basis 4
1.5
Method of Research 4
II. RELATED STUDIES 6
2.1
Definition of Translation 6
2.2
Kinds of Translation 7
2.2.1
Literal Translation 7
2.2.2
Idiomatic Translation 9
2.3
The Process of Translation 12
2.4
Translation Equivalence 14
2.5
Definition of Translation Shifts 16
2.5.1
Level Shifts 16
2.5.2
Category Shifts 17
2.5.2.1
Structure Shifts 18
2.5.2.2
Class Shifts 19
2.5.2.3
Unit/rank Shifts 22
2.5.2.4
Intra-system Shifts 23
III. ANALYSIS 25
3.1
Level Shifts 25
3.1.1 Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing) Shifted into sedang 26
3.1.2 Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) Shifted into sudah/telah 30
3.2
Category Shifts 34
3.2.1
Structure Shifts 34
3.2.2.1
Structure Shifts in Phrase Level 34
3.2.2.2
Structure Shifts in Sentence Level 39
3.2.2
Class Shifts 43
3.2.2.1
Adverb to Adjective 43
3.2.2.2
Noun to Verb 45
3.2.3
Unit Shifts 46
3.2.3.1
Word to Phrase 47
3.2.3.2
Phrase to Word 50
3.2.3
Intra-system Shifts 54
IV. CONCLUSION 58
4.1
Conclusion 58
4.2
Suggestion 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY 60
ABSTRACT
This
paper entitled English-Indonesian
Translation Shifts Found in Novel Inheritance. The data of this paper were
taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance
by Christopher Paolini (2011) and its translation in Indonesian entitled Inheritance – Warisan (2012) translated by Poppy D. Chisfani. This analysis was
mainly aimed at finding out the variations of the translation shift from
English into Indonesian that occur in these two novels.
This
paper was directed to answer two basic questions about the translation shifts. They
were first, what English-Indonesian translation shifts are found in Novel Inheritance; second, how do
English-Indonesian translation shifts occur in Novel Inheritance.
The
theory used in this paper was taken from the book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation by Catford (1965). His theory
about the translation shifts was used to analyze the data source. I also
applied the other theories that are considered relevant to the topic of
discussion in this paper.
There
were some steps done in collecting data after mastering the theories. The
method that I used in collecting the data was library research. When the data
were collected and identified, the data were rewritten and they were classified
according to their types. Finally, the data were analyzed descriptively using
the theory of translation shifts.
The types of translation shift were
found the data source. They can be divided into two, level shifts and category
shifts. Category shifts can be divided into four; they were structure shift,
class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Generally, the shifts that occurred
in the translation were caused by some reasons; the different structure of the
source language and the target language, English has tenses but Indonesian does
not have it, and each language has its own form to express the meaning.
ABSTRAK
Skripsi
ini berjudul English-Indonesian
Translation Shifts Found in Novel
Inheritance. Data skripsi ini diambil dari novel berbahasa Inggris yang
berjudul Inheritance karangan
Christopher Paolini (2011) dan terjemahannya yang berbahasa Indonesianya dengan
judul Inheritance – Warisan (2012) diterjemahkan oleh Poppy
D. Chisfani. Analisa skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan variasi dari
pergeseran terjemahan dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia yang terjadi di
dua novel tersebut.
Pada
dasarnya skripsi ini menjawab dua pertanyaan tentang pergeseran terjemahan. Yang
pertama, pergeseran terjemahan Inggris-Indonesia apa yang ditemukan di Novel Inheritance; kedua, bagaimana pergeseran
terjemahan Inggris-Indonesia terjadi di Novel Inheritance.
Teori
yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini diambil dari buku yang berjudul A Linguistic Theory of Translation oleh
Catford (1965). Teori beliau tentang
pergeseran terjemahan digunakan dalam menganalisa sumber data. Penulis
juga menggunakan buku teori lainnya yang berhubungan dengan topik yang dibahas.
Ada
beberapa macam langkah yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Metode yang
digunakan penulis dalam mengumpulkan data adalah penelitian pustaka. Saat data
dikumpulkan dan diteliti, data ditulis ulang dan dikelompokkan menurut
jenis-jenisnya. Akhirnya, data dianalisa secara deskriptif berdasarkan teory
pergeseran terjemahan.
Jenis-jenis pergeseran terjemahan
telah ditemukan di sumber data. Pergeseran dapat dibagi menjadi dua, pergeseran
level dan pergeseran kategori. Pergeseran kategori dapat dibagi menjadi empat,
yaitu pergeseran struktur, pergeseran kelas, pergeseran unit dan pergeseran
intra-system. Umumnya, pergeseran-pergeseran ini terjadi di terjemahan karena
beberapa sebab; yaitu struktur dari bahasa sumber dan bahasa target adalah
berbeda, bahasa Inggris memiliki bentuk waktu tetapi bahasa Indonesia tidak
memilikinya, dan setiap bahasa memiliki bentuknya sendiri untuk mengungkapkan makna.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
and Problems
Language
is one of the most important parts of human life. It is the human capacity for
using complex systems of communication, and a language is a specific example of
such a system. There are so many languages in this world. Chinese, Japanese,
French, Germany, English and Spanish are some examples of popular languages.
Most people in this world use English as their first or second language.
English is one of those popular languages that is known as an international
language. We know that English is used in song lyrics, in speech, in movie
dialogues etc. Sometime English is also translated into other languages.
Translation
in English plays an important role in communication between two different
languages. Larson stated that translation is basically a change of form. When
we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words,
phrase, clause, sentences, paragraph, etc., which are spoken or written. These
forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language (Larson, 1984: 3).
Publication
media is the place of many various kinds of translation. Novel is one of the
most popular publications. There are thousands novels publicized in the world
and many best-seller novels are translated into some languages. An
English-language novel can be translated into some
languages like French, Japanese, Indonesian, Spain etc. Like common popular
novels, Inheritance (2011) by Christopher Paolini (English) is
also translated into many languages and one of them is Indonesian.
We
can find English-Indonesian translation in Novel Inheritance. The original novel was translated into Indonesian by
Poppy D. Chusfani and edited by Donna Widjajanto. In these novels, we can find
an interesting case. Let us see these examples:
1. SL: The dragon Saphira roared, and the soldiers before her quailed. (Paolini,
2011: 1).
TL: Sang naga
Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit
yang berada di hadapannya mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2. SL: An arrow whizzed past him; he paid it no
mind (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sebuah
anak panah berdesing di dekatnya. Ia
tidak mengindah-
kannya (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
In
example number (1), the word soldiers
in the source language (SL) is translated into para prajurit in target language (TL). This translation is called
unit shift because soldiers is a
word, it becomes para prajurit as a
phrase.
Shift
also occurs in example number (2), the word arrow
in the source language is translated into anak
panah in the target language. It is called unit shift too because arrow is a word and anak panah is a phrase.
There
are also other interesting cases that related to translation shifts. In order
to know more about translation shifts, we have to analyze it by doing a
research. So, based on this background, I am interested in investigating about
the variations of translation shifts found in English and Indonesian novels.
1.2
Scope of
Discussion
Based on the background, there are
many problems related to English-Indonesian translation shifts found in Novel Inheritance. I think, it is necessary
to limit the discussion because of my limited time, cost and energy. So, it is
impossible to analyze them all. In this case, I limit the discussion into two
scope of discussions, they are:
1. What English-Indonesian
translation shifts are found in Novel Inheritance?
2. How do
English-Indonesian translation shifts occur in Novel Inheritance?
1.3
Aims
The aims of this study are divided into three parts; they
are general aim, specific aim, and academic aim.
The general aim of this writing is to improve my
knowledge in understanding theory of translation, which I have got during my
study in the university. Further, I hope this writing can be used as additional
knowledge to improve ability in analyzing shifts.
Beside the general aim, this research also has specific
aim. The specific aim of this writing is to know more about shifts. I want to
know about the variations of English-Indonesian translation shifts found Novel Inheritance.
The
academic aim of this writing is to fulfill one of the requirements in
completing my study in English Department Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa
University. The requirement is to obtain S1 degree and all of the students
should make a terms paper before being graduated from Warmadewa University.
1.4 Theoretical Basis
In doing this research, I used a main theory and many
supporting theories. The main theory in the analysis was taken from the theory
proposed by Catford (1965) in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation. He stated that:
By “shifts”
we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the
SL (source language) to the TL (target language). Two major types of “shifts”
occur: level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965: 73).
Beside theory
from Catford, other theories were also used as supporting theories. List of
them can be seen in the bibliography.
1.5 Method of Research
Method of research is very important
in presenting the analysis of data as well as drawing conclusion. The method of
research that used in this writing was applied in determining data source, data
collection, and data analysis.
The
data of this paper were taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance by Christopher Paolini (2011)
and its translation in Indonesian entitled Inheritance
– Warisan (2012) translated by
Poppy D. Chusfani. These novels were chosen because these novels are fit to
become my data source.
The
data collecting of this paper was done by using library research. First, I read
the two novels and then the data were collected by marking/quoting the
sentences in the novels which are related to topic. Then the data were written
on a paper and then the data were classified based on their relationship to the
theory.
After the data were collected and
classified based on their relationship to the theories of translation shifts,
then they were analyzed descriptively using the theory of translation shifts.
The theory about translation shifts that was used to analyze the data came from
Catford. In seeing the structure of the language, it used the English
structure. So, the concepts about Subject
(S) and Predicate (P) in Indonesian
were not used anymore.
CHAPTER II
RELATED STUDIES
In
this chapter, it will be discussed about the translation process and its
relations with translation shifts. Let us see the discussion below to have a
clear understanding.
2.1 Definition of
Translation
There
are many definitions of translation defined and it is defined in many ways. If
we analyze the translation, we will see that there are two languages involved
in translation. That is the reason of knowing what translation is.
In her book
entitled Meaning-Based Translation (1984),
Larson argued the definition of translation by some statements. She stated
that:
Translation
is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are
referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc.,
which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface
structure of a language (Larson, 1984: 3).
She also added that:
The
form from which the translation is made will be called the source language and
the form into which it is to be changed will be called the receptor language
(Larson, 1984: 3).
Another
definition of translation was also proposed by Catford in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965),
he stated about the definition of translation that says:
Translation
is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one
language for a text in other (Catford, 1965: 1).
He
also added:
Translation
can be defined as follows: The replacement of textual material in one language
(SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) (Catford, 1965:
20).
Catford
also stated about translation, as a process, is always uni-directional: it is
always performed in a given direction; from a Source Language into a Target
Language. He used the abbreviations: SL for Source Language and TL for Target
Language.
2.2 Kinds of
Translation
According
to Larson in her book entitled Meaning-Based
Translation, there are two kinds of translation, one is form-based and the
other is meaning-based translation. They are called the literal translation and
idiomatic translation. To make it clear, let us see the discussion below.
2.2.1
Literal Translation
Literal
translation is a form-based translation; in literal translation, the form of
the source language is transferred into the form of the target language.
Although this literal translation is useful for the purposes that related to
the study of the source language, it has little help to the speakers of the
receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language
text. A literal translation has little communication value.
According
to Larson in his book entitled Meaning-Based
translation, literal translation is:
Form-based
translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as
literal translations (Larson, 1984: 17).
Here
is an example of literal translation:
SL:
Koan daro (Chuava – Papua New Guinea).
TL:
Your-name call! (Larson, 1984: 17).
Larson stated that this literal
translation makes little sense in English. The appropriate translation would be
What is your name? (Larson, 1984:
17).
This literal translation gives
priority to form whether that in words, clause, or sentence and it makes the
result of the translation sounds unnatural and has a little communication
value. This translation often becomes a bad translation because the translator
makes over the use of equivalent of the appropriate words with the contextual
meaning.
Examples:
1) SL : Who has he been living with? (Margono, 1999:
4)
TL : Siapa telah dia tinggal dengan? (Margono, 1999: 4)
2) SL : Beliau sudah mendahului kita (Margono, 1999:
7).
TL : He has left before us (Margono, 1999: 7).
The
translations above sound unnatural. The word who is simply translated into siapa.
Has is translated into telah, he is translated into dia,
been living is translated into tinggal
and with is translated into dengan. The result is translated by word
– for – word translation and it causes the combination of the target language
sentence sounds unnatural and it usually makes the readers confused. This case
also happens in the second example. The word beliau is simply translated into he, sudah into has, mendahului
into left before and us into kita.
Larson
in her book Meaning-Based translation
quoted Barnwell’s statement (Barnwell 1980:18). It says: If the two languages
are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general
grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items
makes the translation sound foreign. The following bilingual announcement was
overheard at an airport.
2.2.2 Idiomatic
Translation
Idiomatic
translation is the second types of translation. It can be found that the
definition of idiomatic translation in Larson’s Meaning-Based translation which is written:
Idiomatic
translation is meaning-based translations which make every effort to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the
receptor language (Larson, 1984: 17).
Based on Larson’s statement,
idiomatic translation uses meaning-based in the translating process. It means
that a translator basically needs to know about the meaning of the source
language before he transfers this meaning into other languages. Idiomatic
translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the
grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. The idiomatic
translation does not sound like a translation, it sounds like it was written
originally in the receptor language.
Usually,
some good translations are finished using mixtures of a literal transfer of the
grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation. So, by doing it, the
results of the translation will sound more natural.
Example:
SL :
Who has he been living with? (Margono, 1999: 4)
TL :
Dengan siapa dia tinggal? (Margono, 1999: 4)
In
example above, we can see that there is a change of structure. The word dengan is placed in front of the
sentence and it makes the sentence better. The result of the translation is
easier to understand and to accept by the readers.
Reproducing
a good receptor language text which communicates the same message as the source
language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choice of the receptor
language becomes the main purpose of a translator. Here is one more example of idiomatic
translation:
Example:
SL :
She is a woman of steel (Margono, 1999: 7).
TL :
Dia wanita yang berjiwa kuat (Margono, 1999: 7).
Idiomatic translation above is
acceptable for the target readers because it sounds natural. The phrase a woman of steel is not simply
translated into seorang wanita dari besi
but idiomatically translated into wanita
berjiwa kuat because the translator understands the original meaning and
knows both languages well.
Further, there are some types of
translation proposed by Margono (1999).This explanation is based on Essential of Theory and Practice of Translation (Margono, 1999: 4). According to
Margono, there are several types of translation:
a. Morpheme-by-morpheme
Translation
English
|
Who
|
Has
|
He
|
Been
|
Liv-
|
-Ing
|
With
|
Indonesian
|
Penanya orang
|
Kata bantu aspek perfect
|
Personal tunggal maskulin
|
Past Participle be
|
hidup
|
Sedang
|
Dengan
|
Example
above shows that the type of translation that used is morpheme-by-morpheme
translation. Lexical morpheme (in this example live: hidup) in the
translation is presented differently from grammatical morphemes. In this case,
every morpheme is given an explanation about its function rather than its
equivalent in the target language.
b. Word-by-word
Translation
English
|
Who
|
Has
|
He
|
Been
|
Living
|
With
|
Indonesian
|
Siapa
|
Telah
|
Dia
|
Tinggal
|
Dengan
|
Word-by-word
translation is used in the example above. Each word in the source language is
translated into a word in the target language. If one of them has not a
corresponding form, the word can be left untranslated (e.g. been).
c. Sentence-by-sentence
Translation
English
|
Who
has he been living with?
|
Indonesian
|
Dengan
siapa dia tinggal?
|
A
sentence above is considered as a unit of grammatical structure, it is not a
text. Because it has not contexts, the translation is usually disappointed.
d. Contextual
Translation
Margono
concerned the discussion in this type of translation. When the translation is
related to its context, a possible translation might be like this:
English
|
Who
has he been living with?
|
Indonesian
|
Selama
ini dengan siapa dia tinggal disana?
|
To make
the sentence better and also fits the context, an addition selama ini in the beginning of the sentence and di sana in the end of the sentence is
needed. These additions make the result of the translation better and
acceptable in the target language.
2.3 The Process of
Translation
Larson described
about the process or steps of translation in her book entitled Meaning-Based translation; and here is
the overview of the translation task:
|
Translation
|
|
Text
to be translated
|
|
MEANING
|
|
Discover the meaning
|
|
Re-express
the meaning
|
(Larson,
1984: 4)
Based
on the diagram, it can be found that there are three major steps in the process
of translation. Firstly, a translator needs to discover the meaning of the
message in the source language (there is a text to be translated). After the
translator gets the meaning, the process of determining the meaning that
related to the communicated is needed. Finally, a translator needs to
re-explain or re-express the meaning (the message) in target language using the
translation equivalent.
|
Receptor
Language
|
|
Source
Language
|
|
Restructuring
|
|
Analysis
|
|
Transfer
|
Margono
explained that the processes of analyzing a translation may consist of:
(a) Analyzing
grammatical relationship between constituent parts.
(b) Identify
the meanings of the semantic units.
(c) Finding
the connotative meanings of the grammatical structures and semantic units.
For
example, here is a translation from English as the source language into
Indonesian as target language.
SL : The Balinese themselves are drawn to
exhibition of trance and find them as interesting as the tourist (Margono,
1999: 14).
TL : Pertunjukan tarian yang penarinya
mengalami kerauhan dikunjungi banyak penonton, termasuk wisatawan asing dan
orang Bali sendiri. Pertunjukan itu sama menariknya bagi wisatawan maupun orang
Bali (Margono, 1999: 14).
In
the example above, the original meaning is not changed when translating the
source language text into target language text. As we see above, almost all of
the meanings in the source language text are translated again in the target
language.
2.4
Translation Equivalence
Equivalence
is very important in translating a language into other languages; it lies between
the source and the target language. In understanding the equivalence, Catford
stated a statement about equivalence in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965).
According
to Catford, it is possible to generalize the condition for translation
equivalence as follows:
Translation
equivalence occurs when a SL and a TL text or item are relatable to (at least
some of) the same features of substance (Catford, 1965: 50).
Based on the statement, it means
when a source language text or item has some language relations at least the
some features of substance with the target language, it is possible for the
translation equivalence to occur. The translation cannot be based only upon
some of meanings but however it must be related to some situations or contexts
where the equivalence should be established.
If the requirement of the equivalent
in the source language and target language are relatable, a problem that
usually faced in founding this relation is caused by the quit difference
cultures of the people who speak the target language with the target language.
Examples:
1) SL : Jam
tangan anda sangat canggih.
TL : Your watch is very sophiscated (Margono,
1999: 7).
2) SL : Lontong
TL : Cooked rice wrapped in
banana leaf (Margono, 1999: 2).
The
example (1) jam tangan in source
language has an equivalence watch in
the target language, so there is not translating problem found here. But in
example (2), lontong is difficult to
translate to English. There is not English word that can be used to match lontong. So, the translator decided to
modify it by using an explanation that is cooked
rice wrapped in banana leaf.
2.5 Definition of
Translation Shifts
Translation
shifts is a changing of form when it is translated from the source language
into target language. Catford, in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965) explained the definition
and concept of translation shifts. He stated that:
By
‘shifts’ we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going
from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965: 73).
Further, Catford stated about the
relationship between translation shifts and formal correspondence. He also
divided translation shifts into two major types. He stated that two major types
of shift occur; they are level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965: 73).
2.5.1 Level Shifts
In
A Linguistic Theory of Translation,
Catford stated that:
By
shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level (Catford, 1965: 73).
Then, he stated that by level shift
means a shift from grammar to lexis; and here are the examples.
Examples:
1) SL: I am working hard.
TL: Saya
sedang bekerja keras (Margono, 1999:
21).
2) SL: I have worked hard.
TL: Saya
sudah bekerja keras (Margono, 1999:
21).
From
the text in the source language above, it is found that the grammatical item tobe + -ing (pattern of Present
Continuous Tense in English) in the source language is translated into sedang in the target language. So the
level shift in the translation is indicated by grammar in the source
language which is translated into lexis
in the target language.
Level
shift also happens in the example (2) because the form have + Perfect Tense marker (pattern of Present Perfect Tense in
English) in the source language is translated into target language by using the
lexis sudah.
2.5.2 Category Shifts
According
to Catford, the second type of translation shifts is category shift. Catford
defined that:
Category
shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation (Catford, 1965:
76).
It
means that category shifts are related with formal correspondence and Catford
also stated about this formal correspondence as follows:
A
formal correspondence is any Target Language (TL) category which may be said to
occupy as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the economy of the Target
Language (TL) as the given source language (SL) category occupies in the source
language (SL). (Catford, 1965: 32)
He explained that in grammar, for
example: structure-shifts can occur at all ranks. It has a large part in the
translation shifts that may happen.
In
order to understand more about category shifts, it should be discussed about
the classification of category shifts. The category shift is divided into four,
they are: structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra system shift
(Catford, 1965: 76). Further explanation about them will be given on next subs.
2.5.2.1 Structure
Shifts
The most frequent category shift
that occurs in translation is structure shift. It occurs at all rank in
translation. It occurs in phonological and graphological translation as well as
in total translation. (Catford, 1965: 6)
According
to Catford’s concept about structure, it is said that:
A
structure is an arrangement of elements (subject, predicator, object,
complement, adjunct) (Catford, 1965: 6).
Structure shifts is indicated by a
situation when there are two languages which have different element of
structure. Besides, the source language and target language should have formal
correspondence.
Examples:
1) SL: I
wash myself.
S V O
TL: Saya
mandi (Margono,
1999: 20).
S P
2) SL: The
book is on the table.
M
H
TL: Buku
itu ada di atas meja (Erhans,
2007: 154).
H
M
In the example above, it can be
found that the source language has different structure of sentence level and
phrase level with the target language. In the example (1) the source language
has sentence structure I (S), wash (V) and myself (O). Its translation has different sentence structure in the
target language, that is saya (S) and
mandi (P). From its translation, it
can be seen that one element that is object myself
in the source language is not translated in target language.
In example number (2) it is found
that the translation has different structure of phrase from the the book into buku itu. The phrase the book
in the source language consists of Modifier-Head (MH) pattern, modifier the and head book. It is translated into buku
itu, which consists of Head-Modifier (HM) pattern; head buku and modifier itu.
2.5.2.2 Class Shifts
Class shift, as explained by
Catford, is a shift that occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is
a member of a different class from the original item. It means that SL has
different class with TL (Catford, 1965: 78).
A shift of class can happen from a
noun into adjective, verbs into adjectives etc. To simplify the illustration of
each word classes, we may explore the explanations of word classes by Quirk in
his book entitle A University Grammar of
English as follow.
Classes of word in English are
adjective, adverb, noun, pronoun, and verb. Adjective
is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. We can identify a word is an
adjective by considering what inflections or affixes it will allow. Adjective
can be modified by the intensifier very,
as in The children are very happy
(Quirk, 1973: 114). Adjective also shows comparative and superlative form, The children are happier now as an example (Quirk, 1973: 115). Adjective
functions as attributive, as shown in The
beautiful painting (Quirk, 1973:
115). Adjective functions as object complement, for example: He pulled his belt tight (Quirk, 1973: 115). And adjective also functions as head
of noun phrase, as like in the following example The extremely old need a great
deal of attention (Quirk, 1973: 118).
Adverb is a word or group of words that
describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a
whole sentence. The most characteristic of the adverb is morphological; the
majority of the adverbs have the derivational suffix -ly. Adverb has two characteristics (functions); those are adverbs
functions as adverbial, can be seen from He
spoke to me about it briefly.
The second function is adverb as modifier of adjective and adverb, which can be
seen from She has a really beautiful face, and They
are smoking very heavily (adverb
as intensifier) (Quirk, 1973: 125-127).
Noun
is a word or group of words that refers to a person, a place, a thing or
activity, or a quality or an idea. Noun can be divided into two subclasses;
they are Count Noun and Non-Count Noun. Count noun means the
noun which must be seen as individual countable entities and cannot be viewed
as an undifferentiated mass (such as: chair, word, finger, remark). And
Non-Count Noun means the noun which must be seen group of things as an
undifferentiated mass or continuum (such as: grass, warmth, humor). Basically,
the noun is also as the noun phrase that functions as subject, object,
complement of the sentence, and as complement in prepositional phrase. In The
girl is Mary Smith (Quirk,
1973: 59), the girl functions as a
subject.
Pronoun
is a word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Pronoun constitutes a
heterogeneous class of items with numerous subclasses, like: they, we, I, you,
he, she, it, etc.
Verb
is the element of sentence that expresses or describes an action, an event,
experience, or a state which is performed by the subject and it stands before
object. One example of verb is grew
in His brother grew happier gradually (Quirk, 1973: 12). The word grew in the example above is a verb; the
word here can be said as a verb because it states an action of the subject.
And
here are the examples of class shift:
1) SL: Mereka
bekerja dengan lambat.
TL: They
are working slowly. (Sneddon,
1996: 336).
2) SL: Mereka
melawan teroris dengan gigih.
TL: They opposed the
terrorists resolutely. (Sneddon, 1996: 336).
From
the example above, the source language is Indonesian and the target language is
English. In the example (1), the word lambat
in the source language functions as an adjective; and the word slowly in the target language functions
as an adverb. So, the translation equivalent of the adjective lambat in the source language is the adverb
slowly in the target language.
Class
shift also occurs in the example (2). It happens from an adjective into an
adverb. The word gigih in the source
language is an adjective and it is translated into resolutely which is categorized as an adverb in the target
language.
2.5.2.3 Unit/rank
Shifts
Catford defined unit shift as a
change of rank, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation
equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the
TL (Catford, 1965: 79).
Unit shift as a change of rank may
happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Oxford
dictionary defined word as a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning
and forms an independent unit of a language (Oxford Dictionary: 1374). Whereas
Longman Dictionary defined it as the smallest unit of spoken language which has
meaning and can stand alone, such as: good, goodness (Longman Dictionary:
1213).
Phrase by Oxford dictionary was
defined as a group of words without a verb, especially one that forms part of
sentence: The green car and a half past four are phrases (Oxford
dictionary: 868). Both phrases in examples above have a higher position
(unit/rank) than word.
A shift of unit can happen from word
to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Here are examples of unit
shifts:
Examples:
1) SL: Your
watch is very sophisticated.
TL: Jam tangan anda sangat canggih
(Margono, 1999: 6).
2) SL:
There is an exhibition.
TL: Ada pertunjukan (Margono, 1999:15).
In the example (1), it is found that
a unit shift in translation shows a change of rank. As we see, the word watch (in lower rank) in the source
language is translated into a phrase jam
tangan (in higher rank) in the target language.
Unit shift is also found in the
second example, the noun phrase an
exhibition (higher rank) in source language is translated into a word pertunjukan which is a part of the lower
rank in the target language.
2.5.2.4 Intra-system
Shifts
Intra-system shift is the shift
occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those cases where the source
language (SL) and the target language (TL) possess systems which approximately
correspond formally as to their constitution, but it does not occurs when
translation involves the selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system
(Catford, 1965: 80). Moreover, in each language, the system is one of two
terms, they are singular and plural and these terms are also regarded
as formally corresponding. Below are the examples of intra-system shift:
Examples:
1) SL: Balinese
people go to the exhibition.
TL: Orang Bali menonton pertunjukan itu.
(Margono, 1999: 15)
2) SL: Tourists pay attention to the
exhibition.
TL: Wisatawan menaruh perhatian kepada
pertunjukan itu.
(Margono,
1999: 15)
From both examples, it can be found
that there are departures from the source language into target language. There
is a corresponding plural form for people
through a repetition of the word orang
(orang-orang) in Indonesian, but the
Indonesian language system shows it in a singular form orang. It also has a corresponding plural form for tourists through a repetition of the
word wisatawan (wisatawan-wisatawan) or using additional word para + wisatawan in
Indonesian, but the system of Indonesian
language still shows it in a singular form wisatawan.
CHAPTER
III
ANALYSIS
What
has been explained in chapter two is about translation and translation shifts;
now in this chapter it will be described about the analysis of translation
shifts that were found in the data source and how do they occur. The data were
taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance
(2011) written by Christopher Paolini and the Indonesian version of the novel
entitled Inheritance - Warisan
(2012). It was translated by Poppy D. Chusfany. The analysis of translation
shifts that were found in the novels are described in the following sub
chapters.
3.1 Level Shifts
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3.1.1
Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing)
Shifted into sedang
Based on the
data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Continuous marker
(was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang in the translation were found.
For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1) SL: He and Saphira were in the
courtyard of the castle, away from the men who were laboring to clear
it- pilling stones and bodies alike into carts – and from the people streaming
in and out of the damaged building, many of whom had been present at Nasuada’s
audience with King Halfpaw and were now leaving to attend to other duties. (Paolini,
2011: 43).
TL:
Ia dan saphira berada di pekarangan kastel, menjauh dari para pejuang yang sedang bekerja membersihkan tempat itu
– menumpuk bebatuan dan mayat-mayat ke gerobak – dan dari orang-orang yang
mengalir keluar-masuk bangunan yang rusak, banyak diantara mereka yang tadi
hadir ketika Nasuada bicara dengan Raja Halfpaw dan sekarang pergi untuk
melakukan tugas lain. (Chusfani, 2012: 55).
2)
SL: He was in the middle of wringing out the last item, and his freshly
poured tea was waiting for him next to Katrina, when someone shouted their
names from across the busy way. (Paolini, 2011: 66).
TL:
Ia sedang memeras kain terakhir, dan
tehnya yang baru dituang menunggunya di sebelah Katrina, ketika seseorang
meneriakkan nama mereka dari seberang jalan yang ramai. (Chusfani, 2012: 74).
3)
SL: With a faint sense of surprise, he realized that Nasuada was calling his name. (Paolini, 2011: 274).
TL: Dengan sedikit terkejut, Roran tersadar
Nasuada sedang memanggil-manggil
namanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).
4)
SL: Eragon locked eyes with Arya and
found within them a combination of determination and defensiveness, as if she was challenging him to attempt to pry open her secrets, but she was also afraid
of what would happen if he did. (Paolini, 2011: 314).
TL:
Eragon berpandangan dengan Arya, dan Eragon melihat kombinasi tekad serta sorot
defensive dalam matanya, seakan-akan elf itu sedang menantangnya untuk mencoba memeras rahasia dari dalam
dirinya, tapi juga takut tentang apa yang bakal terjadi jika Eragon mampu
melakukannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 264).
5) SL: The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes. (Paolini, 2011: 509).
TL: Dengan bingung
Eragon melihat si werecat sedang
memperhatikan-nya dengan mata biru sedingin es. (Chusfani, 2012: 417).
It
can be stated that level shift occurs in example number (1). The structure of were + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. In this case, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis.
This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing
activity in the past (Past Continuous
Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing.
The men who were laboring to clear it means the activity of laboring by the subject the men was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile
in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target
language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation
is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same
meaning.
The
level shift also occurs in the example number (2). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. In this example, the level shift happens from grammar to
lexis. This shift of level occurs because in English, was/were + -ing is used to express a progress or ongoing activity
in the past (Past Continuous Tense). He was in the middle of wringing means
the activity of wringing by the
subject he was in progress or
ongoing. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang.
So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is
level shift. In this example, because both the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning, it can be said that the quality of the
translation is pretty good.
There
is a level shift in the example number (3). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. So, it means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis.
This shift occurs because in English, was/were
+ -ing can be used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past
(past continuous tense). Nasuada was
calling his name means the activity of calling
by the subject Nasuada was in
progress or ongoing. There is not specific form to express such activity in Indonesian.
In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target
language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation
is pretty good because both the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning.
Seen
from the example number (4), there is a level shift. The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. It can be said that the
level shift happens from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to
express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. She was
challenging him means the activity of challenging
by the subject she was in progress or
ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such
activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the
source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the
quality of the translation is good because the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
A
shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of was+ -ing in the source language is translated
into lexis sedang in the target
language. It means the level shift
happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to
express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The werecat,
he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes means the
activity of watching by the subject werecat was in progress or ongoing.
Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang.
So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is
level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because
both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
3.1.2
Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah
Based on the
data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Perfect marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted
into sudah/telah in the translation
were found. Let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1)
SL: Though Eragon had eaten and then
rested for perhaps an hour, his weariness had not entirely abated. (Paolini,
2011: 51).
TL:
Meski Eragon sudah makan dan
beristirahat selama kira-kira satu jam, keletihannya belum benar-benar sirna.
(Chusfani, 2012: 61).
2)
SL: Someone had shot at him with a
crossbow from the roof of a building. (Paolini, 2011: 57).
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TL: Malam sudah turun, dan satu-satunya cahaya dalam kamar tidur mewah itu
dating dari dua batang lilin pada meja dan api kecil yang berpendar dari
perapian dekat ranjang yang bertiang empat yang kosong. (Chusfani, 2012: 230).
5)
SL: “If ever I get the chance, I’ll kill
you for this,” Tharos had said. (Paolini,
2011: 274).
TL: “Kalau punya kesempatan, aku
akan membunuhmu,” Tharos telah
berkata. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).
There
is a level shift in example number (1). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated
into lexis sudah in the target
language. The level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. It happens because in
English, to express Past Perfect Pense
or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, the pattern
of had + Past Participle marker is
used. Eragon had eaten means the
activity of eating by the subject Eragon occurred in the past up to the
present time. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express
such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, between the source language
and target language there is a level shift. The quality of the translation in
this example is good because both the source language and the target language
carry the same meaning.
Seen
from the translation shift, example number (2) shows a level shift. The
structure of had + Past Participle marker
in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. So, the shift of level happens from
grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a
particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Someone
had shot at him shows that the activity of shooting by the subject someone
occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not
specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word
such as telah. So, it is right that
between the source language and target language there is a level shift. Seen
from the translation, both the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning. So, it can be said that the quality of the translation is
pretty good.
Shift of level
also occurs in the example (3), the structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated
into lexis telah in the target
language. This level shift also happens from grammar to lexis. The reason is
similar; it occurs because in English, the pattern of had + Past Participle marker can be used to express the Past Perfect Tense or the activity that
happened before a particular time in the past. He had traded his armor means the activity of trading by the subject he
occurred in the past up to the present time. Meanwhile Indonesian does not have
specific form to express such activity. It is expressed by word such as telah in Indonesian. So, it is true that
between the source language and target language there is level shift. The
quality of the translation in this example is also good because the source
language and the target language carry the same meaning.
Seeing
the example number (4), it can be stated that there is a shift of level. The
structure of had + Past Participle marker
in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. It means the shift of level happens
from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that
happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Night had fallen means the activity of falling by the subject night occurred in the past up to the
present time. In Indonesian, there is not
specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, this activity is
expressed by word such as sudah. So,
it is correct that between the source language and target language there is a
level shift. In this example, the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning. So, it can be stated that the quality of the translation is
good.
A
shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the
source language is translated into lexis telah
in the target language. It means the level shift occurs from grammar to lexis.
This shift happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a
particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Tharos
had said means the activity saying
by the subject tharos occurred in the
past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to
express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah. So, it is true that between the source
language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality
of the translation is good because both the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
3.2 Category Shifts
Beside the level shift, we also have
category shifts. Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in
translation. There are four types of category shifts; they are structure shift,
class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. Usually, they are found in the
translation results from English to Indonesian.
3.2.1 Structure
Shifts
Structure shifts are the shifts that
happen when the source language structure and target language structure are
different. These shifts usually occur in the level of phrase, clause, and
sentence. For a clearer discussion, let us see the following analysis.
3.2.1.1
Structure Shifts in Phrase Level
Based
on the data source of this paper, the shifts of structure that occur in the
level of phrase were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples
below.
Examples:
1) SL: The blue sword flashed bright
and iridescent, stark against the wall of
M M H
black clouds building
in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL:
Pedang biru itu berkilat
terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-
H M M
warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam
yang bergulung-gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2) SL:
The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of
black
clouds
building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
M H
TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan
memancarkan cahaya berwarna-
warni,
tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan
hitam yang bergulung-
H M
gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3) SL: A
faint golden glow filled the tent as he lifted the lid of the chest. M M M H
(Paolini,
2011: 52).
TL: Pendar cahaya keemasan samar memenuhi
tenda ketika Eragon
M H M M
mengangkat tutup peti. (Chusfani, 2012: 62).
4) SL: The
dim gray light from the cloudy sky fell upon him as Arya M M M H
pushed aside the
entrance flap. (Paolini, 2011: 53).
TL:
Cahaya kelabu suram dari
langit berawan menerpa Eragon ketika
H M
M
arya
menyibakkan pintu tenda sampai terbuka. (Chusfani,
2012: 63).
5) SL: Our
trap has sprung shut around him. (Paolini, 2011: 82).
M H
TL: Jebakan kita menjeratnya.
(Chusfani, 2012: 86).
H M
The examples above show us that the
target language has different phrase structure from the target language. In
example number (1), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure the blue sword which is composed by pre-modifier
the, pre-modifier blue and head sword is translated into pedang
biru itu in Indonesian. The phrase pedang
biru itu is formed by the head pedang,
post-modifier biru and post-modifier itu. Considering the different structure
between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target
language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. It
happens because the basic structure of the source language noun phrase is the
inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. The structure of English
noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre
modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier.
Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase the blue sword into pedang biru itu is good because there is not lost meaning on the
result.
Similar to the first example, in
example number (2) there is also a structure shift. The noun phrase structure black clouds in the source language
consists of pre modifier black and
head clouds. It is translated into a
different phrase structure, that is awan
hitam. The noun phrase in the target language consists of head awan and post modifier hitam. Considering the different
structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the
target language, it can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase
level. It also happens because the basic noun phrase structure of the source
language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. In this
case, the structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase black clouds into awan hitam is pretty good because there is not lost meaning on the
result.
In the example number (3), there is
a structure shift. The noun phrase structure a faint golden glow in the source language is composed by pre modifier
a, pre modifier faint, pre modifier golden
and head glow. The target language
has a different phrase structure, that is pendar
cahaya keemasan samar. It is composed by the pre modifier pendar, head cahaya, post modifier keemasan
and post modifier samar. It can be
stated that there is structure shift in phrase level because the basic structure
between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language
is different. The inversion between the source and the target language noun
phrase still causes this shift to occur. As we know that the structure of
English noun phrase above is pre modifier
– pre modifier – pre modifier – head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase
structure is pre modifier – head – post
modifier – post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that
the translation from the phrase a faint
golden glow into pendar cahaya
keemasan samar is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.
A shift of structure also happens in
the fourth example. The noun phrase structure the dim gray light in the source language consists of pre modifier the, pre modifier dim, pre modifier gray and
head light. The target language has a
different phrase structure, that is cahaya
kelabu suram. The head is filled by cahaya
and the post modifiers are filled by kelabu
and suram. It can be concluded
that there is structure shift in phrase level because the structure between the
phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is
different. This happens because the noun basic phrase structure of the source
language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English
noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre
modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile
Indonesian noun phrase structure is head
- post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can make a
statement that the translation from the phrase the dim gray light into cahaya
kelabu suram is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.
Example number (5) shows us that
there is a level shift. The noun phrase structure our trap in the source language consists of pre modifier our and head trap. It is translated into jebakan
kita, which has a different phrase structure. The phrase in the target
language consists of the head jebakan
and post modifier kita. Considering
the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the
phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift
in phrase level. This happens because the noun phrase structure of the source
language above is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English
noun phrase is pre modifier - head
meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Seeing this translation, we can state that
the translation from the phrase our trap into
jebakan kita is adequate because
there is not lost meaning on the result.
3.2.1.2
Structure Shifts in Sentence Level
Beside
the structure shifts in phrase level, the structure shifts that occur in the
level of sentence were found too. Based on the data source, there were shifts
of structure in sentence level; they were from SVC into S+C.
Examples:
1) SL:
Eragon’s shout was so loud (Paolini, 2011: 19).
S V C
TL:
Teriakan Eragon begitu keras (Chusfani, 2012: 35).
S C
2) SL:
His voice was deep (Paolini, 2011: 38).
S V C
TL:
Suaranya dalam (Chusfani,
2012: 51).
S C
3) SL:
Galbatorix is mad (Paolini, 2011: 49).
S V C
TL:
Galbatorix gila (Chusfani, 2012: 60).
S C
4) SL:
The scars were asymmetrical (Paolini, 2011: 69).
S V C
TL:
Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris (Chusfani, 2012: 76).
S C
5) SL:
They were too quiet (Paolini, 2011: 265).
S V C
TL:
Mereka terlalu tenang (Chusfani, 2012: 226).
S C
Structure shift in sentence level
occurs in example number (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). The sentence structure of
the source language in example number (1) is SVC and the sentence structure of
the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Eragon’s shout as subject, was as verb, and so loud as complement. In the target language, teriakan Eragon becomes the subject, and begitu keras as the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language is
untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be
translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by
complement in Indonesian. Teriakan Eragon
begitu keras actually comes from teriakan
Eragon adalah begitu keras with the structure of teriakan Eragon as subject, adalah
as verb, and begitu keras as
complement. In this case the verb adalah
can be removed in Indonesian. Based on its translation, we can conclude that
the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence
is good because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.
In example number (2), the sentence
structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the
target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of his voice as subject, was as verb, and deep as complement. In the target language, suaranya is the subject, and dalam
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language seems untranslated in the target
language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian
because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Suaranya dalam actually comes from Suaranya adalah dalam with the structure
of suaranya as subject, adalah as verb, and dalam as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from the translation
quality, we can conclude that the sentence translation from the source language
into target language is adequate because it is only simplified and there is not
lost meaning.
Shift of structure also occurs in
the third example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the
sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source
language consists of Galbatorix as
subject, is as verb, and mad as complement. In the target language,
Galbatorix is the subject, and gila becomes the complement. The
sentence element verb is in the
source language does not exist when it is translated into target language. It
occurs that English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in
Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in
Indonesian. Galbatorix gila actually
comes from Galbatorix adalah gila
with the structure of Galbatorix as
subject, adalah as verb, and gila as complement. In this case the
verb adalah can be omitted in
Indonesian. Seen from its translation, we can make a conclusion that the
translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is
adequately because there is not lost meaning.
Similar to the previous example, the
sentence structure of the source language in example (4) is SVC and the
sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source
language consists of the scars as
subject, were as verb, and asymmetrical as complement. In the
target language, luka-luka goresan itu
is the subject, and tidak simetris
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language is untranslated in the target language.
English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because
a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris
actually comes from Luka-luka goresan itu
adalah tidak simetris with the structure of luka-luka goresan itu as subject, adalah as verb, and tidak
simetris as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seeing this condition, we can
make a statement that the translation from the source language sentence into
target language sentence is adequate because its structure is simplified and
there is not lost meaning that occurs.
In the last example, the sentence
structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the
target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of they as subject, were as verb, and too quiet
as complement. In the target language, mereka
is the subject, and terlalu tenang
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language seems untranslated into the target
language. In Indonesian, the subject of the sentence can be directly followed
by complement. Mereka terlalu tenang actually
comes from mereka adalah terlalu tenang
with the structure of mereka as
subject, adalah as verb, and terlalu tenang as complement. In this
case the verb adalah can be omitted
in Indonesian. Based on this translation, it can be stated that the translation
from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because
there is not lost meaning.
3.2.2 Class Shifts
Class shift means a shift of a class
in the source language into a different class in the target language. We can
see the class shifts that were found in the data source in the following
examples.
3.2.2.1 Adverb to
Adjective
A shift of class may occur from
adverb to adjective in the translation of source language into target language.
The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: “Kill him!” the robed man
ordered, sounding more frightened than lordly.
(Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: “Bunuh dia!” lelaki berjubah
tadi memerintah, kedengarannya lebih ketakutan daripada berwibawa. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2) SL: Arya initiated the first attack, and within
the span of a second, Eragon found himself standing hunched over at an awkward
angle, her blade pressed against the left side of his neck, tugging painfully at his skin. (Paolini, 2011:
299).
TL: Arya memulai serangan pertama, dan dalam waktu
sedetik saja, Eragon mendapati dirinya membungkuk dalam sudut canggung, bilah
pedang Arya menempel pada sisi kiri lehernya, menarik kulitnya sampai pedih. (Chusfani, 2012: 253).
In the first example, it is a class
shift which occurs here. The word lordly
in the source language is a member of adverbs and it is translated into berwibawa which is an adjective in the
target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from an
adverb in the source language into adjective in the target language. This shift
mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning
of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source
language and the target language carry the same meaning.
There is a class shift in example
number (2). The word painfully in the
source language belongs to an adverb and it is translated into pedih which is an adjective in the
target language. So, the class shift happens between adverb in the source
language and adjective in the target language. Like the previous example, this
shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context
meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on
its translation, we can conclude that the translation is pretty good because
both languages carry the same meaning.
3.2.2.2 Noun to Verb
A shift of class also occurs from
noun to verb in the translation of source language into target language. The
following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: The gold thread in their
tunics glittered as they stirred with surprise.
(Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: Benang emas pada tunik mereka
berkilauan ketika mereka bergerak terkejut.
(Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2) SL: While Blodhgarm labored over
Roran, Eragon picked up Brisingr, then stood guard with Arya at the entrance in
case any soldiers were so foolhardy as to launch an attack. (Paolini, 2011: 27).
SL: Sementara Bloghgarm mengurusi
Roran, Eragon memungut Brisingr, kemudian berdiri berjaga-jaga bersama Arya
pada pintu masuk kalau-kalau ada prajurit yang cukup dungu untuk menyerang mereka. (Chusfani, 2012: 42).
In the first example, it is the
class shift that happens here. The word surprise
in the source language is a member of nouns and it is translated into terkejut which is a verb in the target
language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from a noun in
the source language into verb in the target language. This shift mostly happens
because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source
target and then decides to make the class shift. Seeing the translation, we can
state that the translation is good because the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
Similar to previous example, class
shift also occurs in the example number (2). The word attack in the source language belongs to a noun and it is
translated into menyerang which belongs
to a verb in the target language. The class shift happens between noun in the
source language and verb in the target language. As we can see before, this
shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context
meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on
its translation, it can be stated that the translation is good because the same
meaning is carried by the source language and the target language.
3.2.3 Unit Shifts
Unit shift is a change of rank,
departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the
target language. Unit shift as a change of rank may happen from word to phrase,
phrase to word or phrase to clause. Based on the data source, the analysis was
focused on the unit shift that occurs from word to phrase and vice versa.
3.2.3.1 Word to
Phrase
A shift of unit may occur in the
translation from a source language word into a target language phrase. For a
clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.
1) SL: The rider tugged on the reins and angled his horse toward
Saphira, who began to rear onto her hind legs, in preparation for delivering a
terrible, killing blow with her right front paw. (Paolini, 2011: 8).
TL: Si penunggang menarik tali kekang dan mengarahkan kudanya ke
Saphira, yang mulai berdiri di kaki belakangnya, bersiap untuk melakukan
hantaman mematikan menggunakan kaki kanan depannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).
2) SL: The dragon Saphira roared,
and the soldiers before her quailed.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sang naga Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit yang berada di hadapannya
mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3) SL: On the other side of the
mound lay a wide courtyard.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Di sisi lain timbunan terdapat pekarangan dalam yang luas. (Chusfani,
2012: 21)
4) SL: With a cry, Eragon leaped
off the rubble toward the soldiers.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sambil berteriak, Eragon
melompat dari gundukan puing ke arah
para prajurit. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
5) SL: Galbatorix is mad and
therefore unpredictable. (Paolini,
2011: 49).
TL: Galbatorix gila, maka dia tidak bisa ditebak. (Chusfani, 2012: 60)
In
example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The
word reins in the source language has
a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into tali kekang which is ranked as a
noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a
phrase. This happens because the word reins
in the source language cannot be represented by
a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is the
noun phrase tali kekang. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation from the word reins into phrase tali kekang is good because there is no lost meaning in the result
although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the
target language.
In example number (2), the kind of shift
that occurs here is unit shift. The word soldiers
in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into para
prajurit which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the
departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word soldiers in the source language cannot
be represented by a single word in the source
language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase para prajurit. Based on its translation,
we can make a statement which says the translation from the word soldiers into phrase para prajurit is good because there is
no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is
represented as a phrase in the target language.
The
kind of shift that occurs in example number (3) is unit shift. The word courtyard in the source language has a
different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into pekarangan dalam which is ranked
as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a
word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word courtyard in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the
nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase pekarangan
dalam. About the quality of the translation, we can state that the
translation from the word courtyard
into phrase pekarangan dalam is good
because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source
language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
Example
number (4) shows us an example of unit shift. The word rubble in the source language has a different rank with its
translation in the source language. It is translated into gundukan puing which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source
language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens
because the word rubble in the source
language cannot be represented by a single word
in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase gundukan puing. Based on its
translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word rubble into phrase gundukan puing is good because there is not lost meaning in the
result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in
the target language.
In the last example, it is a unit
shift that occurs here. The word unpredictable
in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into tidak
bisa ditebak which is ranked as a adjective phrase in the source language.
So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. Like the previous example,
this happens because the word unpredictable
in the source language cannot be represented by
a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the
adjective phrase tidak bisa ditebak.
Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word unpredictable into phrase tidak bisa ditebak is pretty good
because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source
language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
3.2.3.2 Phrase
to Word
Beside the word to phrase shift, a
shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language phrase into a
target language word too. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples
below.
1) SL: The sound
was stabbing. (Paolini, 2011: 16).
TL: Suara itu
menusuk. (Chusfani, 2012: 33).
2) SL: Blodhgarm and his fellow
spellcasters can conjure up a
facsimile of Eragon, as they did before (Paolini, 2011: 354).
TL: Blodhgarm dan rekan-rekan
perapal mantranya bisa memunculkan
tiruan Eragon, seperti yang pernah mereka lakukan. (Chusfani, 2012: 24).
3) SL: Once the arrows ceased,
Eragon transferred Brisingr to his left hand, picked up one of the soldiers’ spears, and heaved it at the archers
forty feet above. (Paolini, 2011: 6).
TL: Begitu hujan anak panah
berhenti, Eragon memindahkan Brisingr ke tangan kirinya, memungut salah satu tombak prajurit, dan melontarkannya ke para
pemanah sekitar dua belas meter di atas. (Chusfani, 2012: 25).
4) SL: She threw back her spiky head and roared her triumph, drowning out the
clamor of the city with ferocity of her cry. (Paolini, 2011: 7).
TL: Ia melontarkan kepalanya yang bertanduk ke arah atas dan meraungkan
kemenangan, menenggelamkan keributan dalam kota dengan keganasan jeritannya.
(Chusfani, 2012: 26).
5) SL: Many were hunched over, as if expecting a blow;
others gaped at the front of the damaged keep. (Paolini, 2011: 19).
TL: Banyak yang merunduk, seolah-olah menyangka bakal
ada ledakan; yang lain-lain ternganga menatap bagian depan benteng. (Chusfani,
2012: 35).
In
example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in that example is unit shift. The
noun phrase was stabbing in the
source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into menusuk which
is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a
phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase was stabbing in the source language can be represented using a single word menusuk in the source language. Based on its translation, we can
state that the translation from the phrase was
stabbing into word menusuk is
good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the
source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
In
the second example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The verb phrase conjure up in the source language has a
different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into memunculkan which is ranked as a
word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word.
Like the previous example, this shift happens because the phrase conjure up in the source language can be
represented using a single word memunculkan
in the source language. If we focus on its translation, we can state that the
translation from the phrase conjure up
into word memunculkan is good because
there is not lost meaning in the result, although the phrase in the source
language is represented as a single word in the target language.
In example number (3), the kind of shift
that occurs in this example is unit shift. The verb phrase picked up in the source language has a different rank with its
translation in the source language. It is translated into memungut which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the
departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase pick up in the source language can be
represented using a single word memungut in the source language. About
the translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase picked up into word memungut is good because there is not lost meaning in the result,
and even the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in
the target language.
The
kind of shift that occurs in example number (4) is unit shift. The verb phrase threw back in the source language has a different
rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into melontarkan which is ranked as a word in
the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It
happens because a single word melontarkan
in the source language can represent the phrase threw back in the source language. Like the previous example, we
can state that the translation from the phrase threw back into word melontarkan
is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the
source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
The
example number (5) shows us an example of unit shift. The verb phrase hunched over in the source language has
a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into merunduk which is ranked as a
word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word.
It happens because a single word merunduk
in the source language can represent the phrase hunched over in the source language. Based on its translation, we
can conclude that the translation from the phrase hunched over into word merunduk
is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in
the source language is actually represented as a single word in the target
language.
3.2.4
Intra-system Shifts
Intra-system
shift is the shift that occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those
cases where source language and target language possess systems which
approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when
translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target
language system (Catford, 1965: 80).
Examples:
1) SL: The men shuffled backward,
although they kept their spears and pikes trained on the ragged hole
Saphira had torn in the castle’s outer wall. (Paolini, 2011: 2).
TL: Lelaki-lelaki itu mundur, meski
mereka membiarkan tombak dan seligi terpancang pada lubang kasar
yang dibuat Saphira pada tembok luar kastel. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2) SL: A directionless blue light illuminated the space. (Paolini, 2011:
25).
TL: Cahaya biru menerangi ruangan. (Chusfani, 2012: 39).
3) SL: Grimrr’s chest swelled, and his expression became, if possible, even more
self-satisfied. (Paolini, 2011: 39).
TL: Dada Grimrr menggembung, dan
ekspressinya, jika mungkin, menjadi lebih pongah lagi. (Chusfani, 2012: 52).
4) SL: He motioned toward the
entrance of the tent. (Paolini,
2011: 55).
TL: Ia menunjuk pintu tenda.
(Chusfani, 2012: 65).
5) SL: He wants us to bring you to him. (Paolini, 2011: 492).
TL: Dia ingin kita membawamu kepadanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 403).
As we can see, intra-system shift
occurs in the first example, the words spears
and pikes in the source language are
categorized as plural nouns. But, they are translated into words tombak and seligi which are categorized as singular nouns in the target
language. It happens because English language constantly requires a clear form
of written or spoken plural nouns, but Indonesian language does not do that. In
Indonesian, the use of singular noun is generally used to refer something in
common or plural nouns. Based on its translation, the translations of the words
spears and pikes into tombak and seligi are good because both source
language text and target language text have or carry the same meaning.
In
example number (2), it is an intra-system shift that occurs here. The word illuminated in the source language is in
a past form. But, it is translated into the word menerangi which does not have past form in the target language. It
happens because English has many forms of verb used in tenses, but Indonesian
does not have them. Because both source language text and target language text
have or carry the same meaning, it can be said that the translation of the word
illiminated into menerangi is good.
Seen
from the translation shifts, example number (3) shows intra-system shift. The possessive
marker ‘s in the source language is untranslated
in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires
a certain marker of possessive, but Indonesian language does not do that. In
Indonesian, the structure of dada+ Grimrr
is enough to show that dada belongs
to Grimrr. Seen from the translation,
it can be stated that the translation between the source language and the
target language is good because both of them have or carry the same meaning.
Intra-system
shift also occurs in the example (4). The preposition of in the source language is used to show possessive; in this case,
the entrance belongs to the tent. But, it is omitted in the
target language. It happens because Indonesian language does not certainly require
prepositions in showing possessive like English does. In Indonesian, the
structure of pintu+ tenda is enough
to show that pintu belongs to tenda. Based on the translation, it can
be said that the translation between the source language and the target
language is good because they carry the same meaning.
In
example number (5), there is an intra-system shift. The word he in the source language shows that the
gender of this pronoun is male. But, it is translated into the word dia which does not show its gender in
the target language. It happens because the third person dia in Indonesian language may represent both genders, male and
female. The translation between the source language and the target language is
good because both of them carry the same meaning.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
4.1 Conclusion
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4.2 Suggestion
To know and comprehend more about
translation shifts, we have to do more researches. They are very interesting to
analyze because we can find them easily in daily life. By finishing the
researches, it can be explained in detail about the kinds, the cases, or the
reason of how do they occur in the translation. So, I suggest the students to
continue the researches about translation shifts.
For the students, it is important
for us to stop wasting the time in learning English. We must be able to speak
English very well. That is why as students, we should study hard to get our
purposes.
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A. 2007. Penguasaan Tata Bahasa – Bahasa
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Hornby,
A. S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.
Larson,
Mildred. L. 1984. Meaning-Based
Translation. New York: University Press of America.
Margono.
1999. Essentials of Theory and Practice
of Translation. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana.
Polini,
Christopher. 2011. Inheritance. New
York: Laurel-Leaf.
Paolini,
Christopher. 2012. Inheritance – Warisan.
Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Quirk,
Randolph and Greenbaum, S. 1973. A
University Grammar of English. London: Longman Group.
Sneddon,
James Neil. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin
