Sunday, November 3, 2013

Contoh Analisa Skripsi Bab 3 - Sastra Inggris

CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS

What has been explained in chapter two is about translation and translation shifts; now in this chapter it will be described about the analysis of translation shifts that were found in the data source and how do they occur. The data were taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance (2011) written by Christopher Paolini and the Indonesian version of the novel entitled Inheritance - Warisan (2012). It was translated by Poppy D. Chusfany. The analysis of translation shifts that were found in the novels are described in the following sub chapters.

3.1 Level Shifts
By shift of level we mean that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. The shift is usually about one level of structure in the source language and translated with lexicon or word in the target language. Two types of level shift were found in the data source, they were Past Continuous marker (was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang and Past Perfect marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah.




3.1.1 Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing) Shifted into sedang
Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Continuous marker (was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang in the translation were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1) SL: He and Saphira were in the courtyard of the castle, away from the men who were laboring to clear it- pilling stones and bodies alike into carts – and from the people streaming in and out of the damaged building, many of whom had been present at Nasuada’s audience with King Halfpaw and were now leaving to attend to other duties. (Paolini, 2011: 43).
TL: Ia dan saphira berada di pekarangan kastel, menjauh dari para pejuang yang sedang bekerja membersihkan tempat itu – menumpuk bebatuan dan mayat-mayat ke gerobak – dan dari orang-orang yang mengalir keluar-masuk bangunan yang rusak, banyak diantara mereka yang tadi hadir ketika Nasuada bicara dengan Raja Halfpaw dan sekarang pergi untuk melakukan tugas lain. (Chusfani, 2012: 55).
2) SL: He was in the middle of wringing out the last item, and his freshly poured tea was waiting for him next to Katrina, when someone shouted their names from across the busy way. (Paolini, 2011: 66).
TL: Ia sedang memeras kain terakhir, dan tehnya yang baru dituang menunggunya di sebelah Katrina, ketika seseorang meneriakkan nama mereka dari seberang jalan yang ramai. (Chusfani, 2012: 74).
3) SL: With a faint sense of surprise, he realized that Nasuada was calling his name. (Paolini, 2011: 274).
TL:  Dengan sedikit terkejut, Roran tersadar Nasuada sedang memanggil-manggil namanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).
4) SL:  Eragon locked eyes with Arya and found within them a combination of determination and defensiveness, as if she was challenging him to attempt to pry open her secrets, but she was also afraid of what would happen if he did. (Paolini, 2011: 314).
TL: Eragon berpandangan dengan Arya, dan Eragon melihat kombinasi tekad serta sorot defensive dalam matanya, seakan-akan elf itu sedang menantangnya untuk mencoba memeras rahasia dari dalam dirinya, tapi juga takut tentang apa yang bakal terjadi jika Eragon mampu melakukannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 264).
 5) SL: The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes. (Paolini, 2011: 509).
TL: Dengan bingung Eragon melihat si werecat sedang memperhatikan-nya dengan mata biru sedingin es. (Chusfani, 2012: 417).
It can be stated that level shift occurs in example number (1). The structure of were + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. In this case, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The men who were laboring to clear it means the activity of laboring by the subject the men was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
The level shift also occurs in the example number (2). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. In this example, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift of level occurs because in English, was/were + -ing is used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense). He was in the middle of wringing means the activity of wringing by the subject he was in progress or ongoing. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning, it can be said that the quality of the translation is pretty good.
There is a level shift in the example number (3). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language. So, it means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift occurs because in English, was/were + -ing can be used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (past continuous tense). Nasuada was calling his name means the activity of calling by the subject Nasuada was in progress or ongoing. There is not specific form to express such activity in Indonesian. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is pretty good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
Seen from the example number (4), there is a level shift. The structure of was + -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language.  It can be said that the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. She was challenging him means the activity of challenging by the subject she was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
A shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of was+   -ing in the source language is translated into lexis sedang in the target language.  It means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes means the activity of watching by the subject werecat was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

3.1.2 Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah
Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Perfect marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah in the translation were found. Let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1) SL: Though Eragon had eaten and then rested for perhaps an hour, his weariness had not entirely abated. (Paolini, 2011: 51).
TL: Meski Eragon sudah makan dan beristirahat selama kira-kira satu jam, keletihannya belum benar-benar sirna. (Chusfani, 2012: 61).
2) SL: Someone had shot at him with a crossbow from the roof of a building. (Paolini, 2011: 57).
TL: Seseorang telah memanahnya dengan busur silang dari atap sebuah bangunan. (Chusfani, 2012: 67).
3) SL:  He had traded his armor of earlier for a thick red tunic and a robe trimmed with white ermine. (Paolini, 2011: 71).
TL: Sebelumnya ia telah berganti pakaian dari baju zirah ke tunik merah dan jubah bertepi bulu cerpelai putih. (Chusfani, 2012: 77).
4) SL:  Night had fallen, and the only light in the lavish bedchamber came from the two candles on the desk and the small fire glowing on the hearth by the empty four-poster bed. (Paolini, 2011: 270).
TL: Malam sudah turun, dan satu-satunya cahaya dalam kamar tidur mewah itu dating dari dua batang lilin pada meja dan api kecil yang berpendar dari perapian dekat ranjang yang bertiang empat yang kosong. (Chusfani, 2012: 230).
5) SL:  “If ever I get the chance, I’ll kill you for this,” Tharos had said. (Paolini, 2011: 274).
TL: “Kalau punya kesempatan, aku akan membunuhmu,” Tharos telah berkata. (Chusfani, 2012: 233).
There is a level shift in example number (1). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. The level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Pense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, the pattern of had + Past Participle marker is used. Eragon had eaten means the activity of eating by the subject Eragon occurred in the past up to the present time. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, between the source language and target language there is a level shift. The quality of the translation in this example is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
Seen from the translation shift, example number (2) shows a level shift. The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. So, the shift of level happens from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Someone had shot at him shows that the activity of shooting by the subject someone occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah. So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is a level shift. Seen from the translation, both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning. So, it can be said that the quality of the translation is pretty good.
Shift of level also occurs in the example (3), the structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. This level shift also happens from grammar to lexis. The reason is similar; it occurs because in English, the pattern of had + Past Participle marker can be used to express the Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past. He had traded his armor means the activity of trading by the subject he occurred in the past up to the present time. Meanwhile Indonesian does not have specific form to express such activity. It is expressed by word such as telah in Indonesian. So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. The quality of the translation in this example is also good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
Seeing the example number (4), it can be stated that there is a shift of level. The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. It means the shift of level happens from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Night had fallen means the activity of falling by the subject night occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, this activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, it is correct that between the source language and target language there is a level shift. In this example, the source language and the target language carry the same meaning. So, it can be stated that the quality of the translation is good.
A shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. It means the level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Tharos had said means the activity saying by the subject tharos occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah.  So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.

3.2 Category Shifts
            Beside the level shift, we also have category shifts. Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation. There are four types of category shifts; they are structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. Usually, they are found in the translation results from English to Indonesian.

3.2.1 Structure Shifts
Structure shifts are the shifts that happen when the source language structure and target language structure are different. These shifts usually occur in the level of phrase, clause, and sentence. For a clearer discussion, let us see the following analysis.

3.2.1.1 Structure Shifts in Phrase Level
Based on the data source of this paper, the shifts of structure that occur in the level of phrase were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1)      SL: The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of
         M    M      H
black clouds building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-
   H        M     M
warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2)      SL: The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of
black clouds building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
         M         H
TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-
warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-
                                                                       H      M
gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3)  SL: A faint golden glow filled the tent as he lifted the lid of the chest.      M         M         M         H   (Paolini, 2011: 52).

TL: Pendar cahaya keemasan samar memenuhi tenda ketika Eragon
M           H           M             M
mengangkat tutup peti. (Chusfani, 2012: 62).

4)  SL: The dim gray light from the cloudy sky fell upon him as Arya             M         M         M         H
pushed aside the entrance flap. (Paolini, 2011: 53).
TL: Cahaya kelabu suram dari langit berawan menerpa Eragon ketika
H           M        M
arya menyibakkan pintu tenda sampai terbuka. (Chusfani, 2012: 63).
    
5)     SL: Our trap has sprung shut around him. (Paolini, 2011: 82).
                        M    H
TL: Jebakan kita menjeratnya. (Chusfani, 2012: 86).       
H           M
        

            The examples above show us that the target language has different phrase structure from the target language. In example number (1), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure the blue sword which is composed by pre-modifier the, pre-modifier blue and head sword is translated into pedang biru itu in Indonesian. The phrase pedang biru itu is formed by the head pedang, post-modifier biru and post-modifier itu. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. It happens because the basic structure of the source language noun phrase is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. The structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase the blue sword into pedang biru itu is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.
            Similar to the first example, in example number (2) there is also a structure shift. The noun phrase structure black clouds in the source language consists of pre modifier black and head clouds. It is translated into a different phrase structure, that is awan hitam. The noun phrase in the target language consists of head awan and post modifier hitam. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase level. It also happens because the basic noun phrase structure of the source language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. In this case, the structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase black clouds into awan hitam is pretty good because there is not lost meaning on the result.
            In the example number (3), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure a faint golden glow in the source language is composed by pre modifier a, pre modifier faint, pre modifier golden and head glow. The target language has a different phrase structure, that is pendar cahaya keemasan samar. It is composed by the pre modifier pendar, head cahaya, post modifier keemasan and post modifier samar. It can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level because the basic structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is different. The inversion between the source and the target language noun phrase still causes this shift to occur. As we know that the structure of English noun phrase above is pre modifier – pre modifier – pre modifier – head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is pre modifier – head – post modifier – post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase a faint golden glow into pendar cahaya keemasan samar is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.
            A shift of structure also happens in the fourth example. The noun phrase structure the dim gray light in the source language consists of pre modifier the, pre modifier dim, pre modifier gray and head light. The target language has a different phrase structure, that is cahaya kelabu suram. The head is filled by cahaya and the post modifiers are filled by kelabu and suram. It can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase level because the structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is different. This happens because the noun basic phrase structure of the source language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can make a statement that the translation from the phrase the dim gray light into cahaya kelabu suram is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.
            Example number (5) shows us that there is a level shift. The noun phrase structure our trap in the source language consists of pre modifier our and head trap. It is translated into jebakan kita, which has a different phrase structure. The phrase in the target language consists of the head jebakan and post modifier kita. Considering the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. This happens because the noun phrase structure of the source language above is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English noun phrase is pre modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Seeing this translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase our trap into jebakan kita is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.

3.2.1.2 Structure Shifts in Sentence Level
Beside the structure shifts in phrase level, the structure shifts that occur in the level of sentence were found too. Based on the data source, there were shifts of structure in sentence level; they were from SVC into S+C.
Examples:
1)      SL: Eragon’s shout was so loud (Paolini, 2011: 19).
                   S              V       C
TL: Teriakan Eragon begitu keras (Chusfani, 2012: 35).
       S                                C
2)      SL: His voice was deep (Paolini, 2011: 38).
            S            V    C
TL: Suaranya dalam        (Chusfani, 2012: 51).
            S              C                                            
3)      SL: Galbatorix is mad (Paolini, 2011: 49).
            S          V    C
TL: Galbatorix gila (Chusfani, 2012: 60).
            S              C
4)      SL: The scars were asymmetrical (Paolini, 2011: 69).
              S          V           C
TL: Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris (Chusfani, 2012: 76).
                     S                             C
5)      SL: They were too quiet (Paolini, 2011: 265).
         S       V         C
TL: Mereka terlalu tenang (Chusfani, 2012: 226).
              S            C
            Structure shift in sentence level occurs in example number (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). The sentence structure of the source language in example number (1) is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Eragon’s shout as subject, was as verb, and so loud as complement. In the target language, teriakan Eragon becomes the subject, and begitu keras as the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language is untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Teriakan Eragon begitu keras actually comes from teriakan Eragon adalah begitu keras with the structure of teriakan Eragon as subject, adalah as verb, and begitu keras as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be removed in Indonesian. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.
            In example number (2), the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of his voice as subject, was as verb, and deep as complement. In the target language, suaranya is the subject, and dalam becomes the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language seems untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Suaranya dalam actually comes from Suaranya adalah dalam with the structure of suaranya as subject, adalah as verb, and dalam as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from the translation quality, we can conclude that the sentence translation from the source language into target language is adequate because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.
            Shift of structure also occurs in the third example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Galbatorix as subject, is as verb, and mad as complement. In the target language, Galbatorix is the subject, and gila becomes the complement. The sentence element verb is in the source language does not exist when it is translated into target language. It occurs that English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Galbatorix gila actually comes from Galbatorix adalah gila with the structure of Galbatorix as subject, adalah as verb, and gila as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from its translation, we can make a conclusion that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is adequately because there is not lost meaning.
            Similar to the previous example, the sentence structure of the source language in example (4) is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of the scars as subject, were as verb, and asymmetrical as complement. In the target language, luka-luka goresan itu is the subject, and tidak simetris becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language is untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris actually comes from Luka-luka goresan itu adalah tidak simetris with the structure of luka-luka goresan itu as subject, adalah as verb, and tidak simetris as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seeing this condition, we can make a statement that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is adequate because its structure is simplified and there is not lost meaning that occurs.
In the last example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of they as subject, were as verb, and too quiet as complement. In the target language, mereka is the subject, and terlalu tenang becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language seems untranslated into the target language. In Indonesian, the subject of the sentence can be directly followed by complement. Mereka terlalu tenang actually comes from mereka adalah terlalu tenang with the structure of mereka as subject, adalah as verb, and terlalu tenang as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Based on this translation, it can be stated that the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because there is not lost meaning.

3.2.2 Class Shifts
            Class shift means a shift of a class in the source language into a different class in the target language. We can see the class shifts that were found in the data source in the following examples.

3.2.2.1 Adverb to Adjective
            A shift of class may occur from adverb to adjective in the translation of source language into target language. The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: “Kill him!” the robed man ordered, sounding more frightened than lordly. (Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: “Bunuh dia!” lelaki berjubah tadi memerintah, kedengarannya lebih ketakutan daripada berwibawa. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2) SL: Arya initiated the first attack, and within the span of a second, Eragon found himself standing hunched over at an awkward angle, her blade pressed against the left side of his neck, tugging painfully at his skin. (Paolini, 2011: 299).
TL: Arya memulai serangan pertama, dan dalam waktu sedetik saja, Eragon mendapati dirinya membungkuk dalam sudut canggung, bilah pedang Arya menempel pada sisi kiri lehernya, menarik kulitnya sampai pedih. (Chusfani, 2012: 253).
            In the first example, it is a class shift which occurs here. The word lordly in the source language is a member of adverbs and it is translated into berwibawa which is an adjective in the target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from an adverb in the source language into adjective in the target language. This shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
            There is a class shift in example number (2). The word painfully in the source language belongs to an adverb and it is translated into pedih which is an adjective in the target language. So, the class shift happens between adverb in the source language and adjective in the target language. Like the previous example, this shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation is pretty good because both languages carry the same meaning.

3.2.2.2 Noun to Verb
            A shift of class also occurs from noun to verb in the translation of source language into target language. The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: The gold thread in their tunics glittered as they stirred with surprise. (Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: Benang emas pada tunik mereka berkilauan ketika mereka bergerak terkejut. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2) SL: While Blodhgarm labored over Roran, Eragon picked up Brisingr, then stood guard with Arya at the entrance in case any soldiers were so foolhardy as to launch an attack. (Paolini, 2011: 27).
SL: Sementara Bloghgarm mengurusi Roran, Eragon memungut Brisingr, kemudian berdiri berjaga-jaga bersama Arya pada pintu masuk kalau-kalau ada prajurit yang cukup dungu untuk menyerang mereka. (Chusfani, 2012: 42).
            In the first example, it is the class shift that happens here. The word surprise in the source language is a member of nouns and it is translated into terkejut which is a verb in the target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from a noun in the source language into verb in the target language. This shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Seeing the translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
            Similar to previous example, class shift also occurs in the example number (2). The word attack in the source language belongs to a noun and it is translated into menyerang which belongs to a verb in the target language. The class shift happens between noun in the source language and verb in the target language. As we can see before, this shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its translation, it can be stated that the translation is good because the same meaning is carried by the source language and the target language.

3.2.3 Unit Shifts
Unit shift is a change of rank, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shift as a change of rank may happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Based on the data source, the analysis was focused on the unit shift that occurs from word to phrase and vice versa.


3.2.3.1 Word to Phrase
            A shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language word into a target language phrase. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.
1) SL: The rider tugged on the reins and angled his horse toward Saphira, who began to rear onto her hind legs, in preparation for delivering a terrible, killing blow with her right front paw. (Paolini, 2011: 8).
TL: Si penunggang menarik tali kekang dan mengarahkan kudanya ke Saphira, yang mulai berdiri di kaki belakangnya, bersiap untuk melakukan hantaman mematikan menggunakan kaki kanan depannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).
2) SL: The dragon Saphira roared, and the soldiers before her quailed. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sang naga Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit yang berada di hadapannya mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3) SL: On the other side of the mound lay a wide courtyard. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Di sisi lain timbunan terdapat pekarangan dalam yang luas. (Chusfani, 2012: 21)
4) SL: With a cry, Eragon leaped off the rubble toward the soldiers. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sambil berteriak, Eragon melompat dari gundukan puing ke arah para prajurit. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
5) SL: Galbatorix is mad and therefore unpredictable. (Paolini, 2011: 49).
TL: Galbatorix gila, maka dia tidak bisa ditebak. (Chusfani, 2012: 60)
In example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The word reins in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into tali kekang which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. This happens because the word reins in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is the noun phrase tali kekang. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the word reins into phrase tali kekang is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
            In example number (2), the kind of shift that occurs here is unit shift. The word soldiers in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into para prajurit which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word soldiers in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase para prajurit. Based on its translation, we can make a statement which says the translation from the word soldiers into phrase para prajurit is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
The kind of shift that occurs in example number (3) is unit shift. The word courtyard in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into pekarangan dalam which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word courtyard in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase pekarangan dalam. About the quality of the translation, we can state that the translation from the word courtyard into phrase pekarangan dalam is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
Example number (4) shows us an example of unit shift. The word rubble in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into gundukan puing which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word rubble in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase gundukan puing. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word rubble into phrase gundukan puing is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
            In the last example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The word unpredictable in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into tidak bisa ditebak which is ranked as a adjective phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. Like the previous example, this happens because the word unpredictable in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the adjective phrase tidak bisa ditebak. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word unpredictable into phrase tidak bisa ditebak is pretty good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the target language.

3.2.3.2 Phrase to Word
            Beside the word to phrase shift, a shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language phrase into a target language word too. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.
1) SL: The sound was stabbing. (Paolini, 2011: 16).
TL: Suara itu menusuk. (Chusfani, 2012: 33).
2) SL: Blodhgarm and his fellow spellcasters can conjure up a facsimile of Eragon, as they did before (Paolini, 2011: 354).
TL: Blodhgarm dan rekan-rekan perapal mantranya bisa memunculkan tiruan Eragon, seperti yang pernah mereka lakukan. (Chusfani, 2012: 24).
3) SL: Once the arrows ceased, Eragon transferred Brisingr to his left hand, picked up one of the soldiers’ spears, and heaved it at the archers forty feet above. (Paolini, 2011: 6).
TL: Begitu hujan anak panah berhenti, Eragon memindahkan Brisingr ke tangan kirinya, memungut salah satu tombak prajurit, dan melontarkannya ke para pemanah sekitar dua belas meter di atas. (Chusfani, 2012: 25).
4) SL: She threw back her spiky head and roared her triumph, drowning out the clamor of the city with ferocity of her cry. (Paolini, 2011:  7).
TL: Ia melontarkan kepalanya yang bertanduk ke arah atas dan meraungkan kemenangan, menenggelamkan keributan dalam kota dengan keganasan jeritannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).
5) SL: Many were hunched over, as if expecting a blow; others gaped at the front of the damaged keep. (Paolini, 2011: 19).
TL: Banyak yang merunduk, seolah-olah menyangka bakal ada ledakan; yang lain-lain ternganga menatap bagian depan benteng. (Chusfani, 2012: 35).
In example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in that example is unit shift. The noun phrase was stabbing in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into menusuk which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase was stabbing in the source language can be represented using a single word menusuk in the source language. Based on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase was stabbing into word menusuk is good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
In the second example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The verb phrase conjure up in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into memunculkan which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. Like the previous example, this shift happens because the phrase conjure up in the source language can be represented using a single word memunculkan in the source language. If we focus on its translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase conjure up into word memunculkan is good because there is not lost meaning in the result, although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
            In example number (3), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The verb phrase picked up in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into memungut which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase pick up in the source language can be represented using a single word memungut in the source language. About the translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase picked up into word memungut is good because there is not lost meaning in the result, and even the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
The kind of shift that occurs in example number (4) is unit shift. The verb phrase threw back in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into melontarkan which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because a single word melontarkan in the source language can represent the phrase threw back in the source language. Like the previous example, we can state that the translation from the phrase threw back into word melontarkan is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
The example number (5) shows us an example of unit shift. The verb phrase hunched over in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated into merunduk which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because a single word merunduk in the source language can represent the phrase hunched over in the source language. Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase hunched over into word merunduk is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the source language is actually represented as a single word in the target language.

3.2.4 Intra-system Shifts
Intra-system shift is the shift that occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those cases where source language and target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system (Catford, 1965: 80).
Examples:
1) SL: The men shuffled backward, although they kept their spears and pikes trained on the ragged hole Saphira had torn in the castle’s outer wall. (Paolini, 2011: 2).
TL: Lelaki-lelaki itu mundur, meski mereka membiarkan tombak dan seligi terpancang pada lubang kasar yang dibuat Saphira pada tembok luar kastel. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2) SL: A directionless blue light illuminated the space. (Paolini, 2011: 25).
TL: Cahaya biru menerangi ruangan. (Chusfani, 2012: 39).
3) SL: Grimrr’s chest swelled, and his expression became, if possible, even more self-satisfied. (Paolini, 2011: 39).
TL: Dada Grimrr menggembung, dan ekspressinya, jika mungkin, menjadi lebih pongah lagi. (Chusfani, 2012: 52).
4) SL: He motioned toward the entrance of the tent. (Paolini, 2011: 55).
TL: Ia menunjuk pintu tenda. (Chusfani, 2012: 65).
5) SL: He wants us to bring you to him. (Paolini, 2011: 492).
TL: Dia ingin kita membawamu kepadanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 403).
            As we can see, intra-system shift occurs in the first example, the words spears and pikes in the source language are categorized as plural nouns. But, they are translated into words tombak and seligi which are categorized as singular nouns in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires a clear form of written or spoken plural nouns, but Indonesian language does not do that. In Indonesian, the use of singular noun is generally used to refer something in common or plural nouns. Based on its translation, the translations of the words spears and pikes into tombak and seligi are good because both source language text and target language text have or carry the same meaning.
In example number (2), it is an intra-system shift that occurs here. The word illuminated in the source language is in a past form. But, it is translated into the word menerangi which does not have past form in the target language. It happens because English has many forms of verb used in tenses, but Indonesian does not have them. Because both source language text and target language text have or carry the same meaning, it can be said that the translation of the word illiminated into menerangi is good.
Seen from the translation shifts, example number (3) shows intra-system shift. The possessive marker ‘s in the source language is untranslated in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires a certain marker of possessive, but Indonesian language does not do that. In Indonesian, the structure of dada+ Grimrr is enough to show that dada belongs to Grimrr. Seen from the translation, it can be stated that the translation between the source language and the target language is good because both of them have or carry the same meaning.
Intra-system shift also occurs in the example (4). The preposition of in the source language is used to show possessive; in this case, the entrance belongs to the tent. But, it is omitted in the target language. It happens because Indonesian language does not certainly require prepositions in showing possessive like English does. In Indonesian, the structure of pintu+ tenda is enough to show that pintu belongs to tenda. Based on the translation, it can be said that the translation between the source language and the target language is good because they carry the same meaning.

In example number (5), there is an intra-system shift. The word he in the source language shows that the gender of this pronoun is male. But, it is translated into the word dia which does not show its gender in the target language. It happens because the third person dia in Indonesian language may represent both genders, male and female. The translation between the source language and the target language is good because both of them carry the same meaning.

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