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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background and Problems

Language is one of the most important parts of human life. It is the human capacity for using complex systems of communication, and a language is a specific example of such a system. There are many languages in this world. Chinese, Japanese, French, Germany, English and Spanish are some examples of popular languages. Most people in this world use English as their first or second language. English, one of those popular languages is known as an international language. We know that English is used in world life aspects, in music lyrics, in speech, in movie dialogues etc.

We also study about translation in English because translation also plays an important role in communication between two different languages. Larson (1984) states that translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrase, clause, sentences, paragraph, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. (Larson, 1984: 3)

Publication media is the place of many various kinds of translation. Novel is one of the most popular publications. There are thousands novels publicized in the world and many best-seller novels are translated into many languages. An English-language novel can be translated into many languages like French, Japanese, Indonesian, Spain etc. Like common popular novels, Inheritance (2011) by Christopher Paolini (English) is also translated into many languages and one of them is Indonesian.

We can find English-Indonesian translations in Novel Inheritance. The original novel is translated into Indonesian by Poppy D. Chusfani and edited by Donna Widjajanto. In these novels, we can find an interesting case. Let’s see these examples:

1.      SL: The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the

       wall of black clouds building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1)

TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan cahaya

berwarna-warni, tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-gulung di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21)

2.      SL: An arrow whizzed past him; he paid it no mind. (Paolini, 2011: 1)

TL: Sebuah anak panah berdesing di dekatnya. Ia tidak mengindah-

kannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 21)

According to unit or rank, the rank of example SL (1) “iridescent” is a word but in example TL (1), it is translated into “memancarkan cahaya berwarna-warni” which is a phrase. This rank changing also occurred in example SL (2) “arrow” translated into example TL (2) “anak panah”. Example SL (2) is a word and example TL (2) is a phrase. According to Catford’s translation shifts theory, this case is called Unit/rank shifts (change of rank). There are also others interesting cases that related to translation shifts. In order to know more about translation shifts, we have to analyze it by doing a research.

Based on this background, I am interested in investigating about the variations of translation shifts found in English and Indonesian novels, Inheritance by Christopher Paolini.

1.2  Scope of Discussion

            Based on the background, there are many problems related to English-Indonesian translation shifts found in Novel Inheritance. Because of my limited time, cost and energy, it is impossible to analyze them all. So in this case, I limit the discussion into two scope of discussions, they are:

1.      What English-Indonesian translation shifts are found in Novel Inheritance?

2.      How do English-Indonesian translation shifts occur in Novel Inheritance?

1.3  Aims

            The aims of this study are divided into three parts; they are general aim, specific aim, and academic aim.

            The general aim of this writing is to improve my knowledge in understanding theory of translation, which I have got during my study in the university. Beside that, I hope this writing can be used as additional knowledge to improve ability in analyzing shifts.

            Beside the general aim, this research also has specific aim. The specific aim of this writing is to know more about shifts. I want to know about the variations of English-Indonesian translation shifts found Novel Inheritance.

The academic aim of this writing is to fulfill one of the requirements in completing my study in English Department Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University. The requirement is to obtain S1 degree and all of the students should make a terms paper before being graduated from Warmadewa University.

1.4 Theoretical Basis

            In doing this research, I use a main theory and many supporting theories. The main theory which is used in this analysis is taken from the theory proposed by Catford (1965) in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation. He states that:

By “shifts” we mean departures from formal correspondence in the processof going from the SL (source language) to the TL (target language). Two major types of “shifts” occur: level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965: 73)

Beside theory from Catford, other theories are also used as supporting theories. They can be seemed is in bibliography.

1.5 Methods of Research

            Method of research is very important in presenting the analysis of data as well as drawing conclusion. The methods of research that will be used in this writing are applied in determining data source, data collection, and data analysis.

            The data of this paper will be taken from the Inheritance novels (English and Indonesian) that are related to the research. These novels are chosen because the writer and the translator are native speakers and these novels are fit to become my data source.

            The data collection of this paper will be done by using library research. First, I will read the two novels and then the data will be collected by marking/quoting the sentences in the novels which are related to topic. Then the data will be written on a paper and then I classify the data based on their relationship to the theory.

            After the data are collected and classified based on their relationship to the theories of translation shifts, then all the data will be analyzed descriptively by using the theories of translation shifts.

OUTLINE

CHAPTER II

2.1 Definition of Translation

2.2 Kinds of Translation

2.2.1 Literal Translation

2.2.2 Idiomatic Translation

2.3 The Process of Translation

2.4 Translation Equivalence

2.4.1 Textual Equivalence

2.4.2 Formal Equivalence

2.5 Definition of Translation Shifts

2.6 Kinds of Translation Shifts

2.6.1 Level Shifts

2.6.2 Category Shifts

2.6.2.1 Structure Shifts

2.6.2.2 Class Shifts

2.6.2.3 Unit/rank Shifts

2.6.2.4 Intra-system Shifts

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Larson, M. L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

Paolini, Christopher. 2011. Inheritance. New York: Laurel-Leaf.

Paolini, Christopher. 2012. Inheritance. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Diving Experience in Indonesia - Bunaken

Credits: Mixertruck 

Home to a quarter of the world's marine life, renowned Indonesian islands will be a world-class diving and stunning underwater beauty.

Dive into the ocean and find abundant with all kinds of sea creatures, from Weh Island in Sumatra to Raja Ampat in Papua. Where else in the world can you get up close to a giant manta rays and turtles, dive spectacular and explore old shipwrecks?
Whether you're an experienced diver looking for a new challenge or just want to try your hand at snorkeling for the first time, the tropical waters of Indonesia will not disappoint you. Indonesia's diving into the underwater experience will be satisfying.

Did you hear about Bunaken?

Now, there you go:

Indonesian Underwater - Bunaken

Mount Krakatau Indonesia - Nice Site

Enjoy the beauty of Indonesia can be anywhere , and one of the hidden beauty of Jakarta is near Mount Krakatau . Yes, it holds the potential of Mount Krakatau stunning natural beauty, because access to achieve here exactly easy . I able through Carita Banten or Lampung .

The beauty of the Krakatau volcano , in Indonesia seemed not  exposed yet .
although Krakatau can be accessed from both locations , but Krakatau in the territory of Lampung . As a province on the southern tip of Sumatra, Lampung Sumatra gateway for those coming from Java . The region bordering the Sunda Strait in the south , the Indonesian Ocean in the west , and the Java Sea in the east . Most of Travelers who want to visit the island of Krakatoa through Sabesi in Lampung and hire boats here .

Buffalo herders activity in one of the island in Lampung .
Mount Krakatau in the 1800s this had exploded and a blast terdahsyat on earth , because of the explosion of Krakatoa is not only a legend belongs to Indonesia , but also the world . That's because the all-powerful eruption in 130 years ago . Krakatau eruption at that time not only devastated the surrounding region ( Lampung and Banten ) but also feels up to the other hemisphere . In fact , the eruption of Krakatoa could be heard the voice of Australia.

When I came here Krakatoa is still active and I'm very lucky to get the time of Krakatoa spewed lava.
until recently high investigated Mount Anak Krakatau increased four centimeters every year . Currently estimated height of Anak Krakatau has reached about 700 meters above sea level . In the vicinity of this volcano there archipelago of Rakata Island, Long, and Sertung. According to records, the islands formed after Mount Krakatau lettuce .

when trekking to Mount Krakatau , I find a lot of forest Flora . one of them was this wild mushroom.
to visit could use sea transport , such as wooden fishing boat or ship of Kalianda ( South Lampung ) or Anyer ( Banten ). Kalianda a tourist area was chosen because in addition to closer, about 1.5 hours, this trip is also more secure because the waves are relatively smaller . and many providers of wooden boats at an affordable price.

upon arriving at the foot hills of Mount Krakatoa, physically prepare for the climb up hehe ..
after up to Mount Krakatau many activities that can be done here, starting from the edge of the beach trekking to Mount Krakatau through the forest . But be careful not to waste water so carelessly as often and a lot of lizards on this island . when trekking through the woods we see the beauty of the forest with a lot of background Krakatau mountain . nah after arriving at the foot of Mount Krakatoa physically prepared to climb this mountain with the sandy terrain , you should bring a stick , hat and drinking enough . Arriving above because there are very hot and tiring , and it's best if this Krakatoa is active should be asked to keep the Ranger that is it safe to climb up again .

one ball that has hardened lava that spewed from Mount Krakatau , cool huh ..

Do not forget to enjoy after we visited Krakatoa Seafood , seafood can be enjoyed at home or eating at Carita Lampung .

Arriving above we can enjoy the beauty of Mount Krakatoa , many former lava chunks that add dramatic beauty of the photos that we make . let 's explore the beauty of Mount Krakatau , Indonesia's Natural Masterpieces.

15 Unique Buildings Updated

Image will updated soon.
If you want a vacation and likes something different, maybe a place to stay 15 can be considered. Some of the unique shape but some are a little bit strange. For example, the castle ruins on the coast who conjured a hotel, or a water tower so contrived hotel. Or shaped like a child's toy or bird cages, houses in so-called cloud or a house in the clouds. That is not less unique is the train cars are dressed old into a hotel. The shape really cool.


1.Martello Tower
It looks like a fortress. Yes, Martello was originally a castle-shaped towers. British defense is built for Napoleon's invasion terhdapa (France). Location in Aldeburgh, Suffolk More Info: www.landmarktrust.org.uk


2.Old Railway Station "Orient Express"
Orient Express luxury train so famous around the world, even the inspiration for novelist Agatha Christie, with the same title with the name of the train. This luxury train and then renovated again and became a luxury hotel. Location: Petworth, West Sussex Location: Petworth, West Sussex
More information: www.oldstation.co.uk


3. House in Cloud
Unique shape, built with a height of 70 feet.
Location: Thorpeness, Suffolk. More info: www.houseintheclouds.co.uk


4. Fortress Clonque
Former stronghold on the coast. Now a beautiful resort locations.
Location: Alderney, Channel Islands
More info: www.landmarktrust.org.uk


5.Puri Cottage B & B and a tree house
Located on the ground Coates Castle, this tree house is surrounded by ancient forests.
Location: Fittleworth, West Sussex
. More info: www.castlecottage.info


6. Appleton Water Tower
Building of Queen Victoria. Previously a water tower. Impressive rural landscape visible from the terrace.
Location: Sandringham, Norfolk
More info: www.landmarktrust.org.uk


7. Cove Park
Containers designed to be fairly menarik.Posisinya hotel secluded peninsula overlooking Loch Long Rosneath.
Location: Cove, Argyll and Bute, Scotland
More information: www.covepark.org


8. Gothic Temple
Built in the middle of the gardens beautiful.
Location: Stowe, Buckinghamshire More Info: www.landmarktrust.org.uk


9. Cley Windmill
This could be one of the oldest hotels still exist in the UK. The building was built 18 th century, has a beautiful view to the southeast of Blakeney Point. Since the year 1921 has become a resort.
Location: Cley-next-the-sea, Holt, Norfolk
More Info: More www.cleywindmill.co.uk: www.cleywindmill.co.uk


10. Corbià ¨ re La Radio Tower
This observation tower built during World War. The tower was built by German troops as part of Hitler's Atlantic Wall defenses.
Location: Jersey, Channel Islands
More information: www.jerseyheritagetrust.org


11. The Pineapple
Very interesting watching the hotel building with a dome-shaped fruit of pineapple. This building was once the summer homes built by the Earl of Dunmore to-4
Location: Dunmore, Central Scotland


12. Hotels in Egypt Style
Egyptian colors dominating style house-turned-hotel. These buildings include old enough, in the wake of the Napoleonic period in 1835. Location: Penzance, Cornwall Location: Penzance, Cornwall. More Info www.landmarktrust.org.uk


13.Caban Casita
Syle Scandinavian log cabin style combined kotemporer located in the forest. Precisely at Cenarth Waterfalls, west of West Wales. More info: www.underthethatch.co.uk




14.Lighthouse
A name that may refer to the concept of the building which gives an opportunity as much as possible the entry of light into the. The walls of glass making in a brightly lit room during the day. Since most of the building facing the sea, the day or night, the scenery was beautiful.
Location:, Conwy
More information: www.lighthouse-llandudno.co.uk


15.Livingstone Safari Lodge
Bring the atmosphere in the field afrika. From the location can directly see giraffes, zebras that roam the desert green. Location: Lympne, Kent More information: www.totallywild.net




Source: www.djmick.co.uk/

Is there a relationship with Maya Nation Space Creature?

Is there a relationship with Maya Nation Space Creature?







Pakal, The Ancient Maya astronaut?


Written by Erich von Däniken, in his book: In Search of Ancient Gods




An ancient Mayan story says that about 10,000 years ago they were in the peak of civilization. Although archaeological experts doubt the truth of "time 10,000 years ago" that in their writings, but I would still regard it as something very important, because no one can explain where it came from the Mayans were and then where did they go it. Because it has proved, that the cities of the Maya are not destroyed by war or natural disaster reduction. Cities were thus abandoned by its inhabitants. The Maya had vanished without a trace. Why do they have left their cities great, they had established "to survive all time" with the blocks intact?
Has acknowledged that what he called the era "before the ancient world" is between 1000-2000 years before Christ, but in this case is recognized by scholars, they really do not know anything else about the "ancient times" the truth, which preceded the "age before old age ". It is highly likely, that all "real events" in history that has yet to be found, there is mentioned in the books that have been burned by the bishop Landa. There are only three ancient books of the handwriting is not the Mayans burned; the sheet is made from tree bark and folded like a harmonica. The books were called by the name of the place, where each is stored: Dresdensis Codex (Codex = ancient book in handwriting), the Paris Codex and Madrid Codex, also known as TRO-Cortesianus.
Writings that have been yellow because his parents, still have not really understood. Which has dapatdipecahkan is "system according to numbers" they are very good, but simple. They calculate with the scratches, which were given points on it. One point equals 1, the three points with 3, and so on it. Figures 5 is described by a stroke, so the number 7 became a scratch on it plus two points. Mayans also learned relative values and zero. They use the system "vigesima", on the basis of 20. If they want to write the number 23, so they put three points on the "unit" and a scratch on the "twenty". It is easy to distinguish "Twenty strokes" from "scratch limaan". Scratches twenties were much higher place than the place limaan scratches. Mayan calendar has a very high quality. Commencement date of their timeline is a day in the year 3113 BC. The experts from the South American states, that magical year 3113 BC there was no calculation with the actual history of the Maya, but only have real value "symbolic" as saying the Jews "since the creation of the world".
How they can say it is so sure, if we do not know where it came Mayan people and where they vanished away. Very multiply already written article on the Mayan calendar. One fact is, that the calendar was using the system rounds in which each rotation 374.000 year term. The buildings were erected according to calendar: For each day of the month a rung, for each month a "pulpit and finally, on a day to 365, there stood the idol's place. It looks as if the people of the kingdom of the ancient Maya made religious buildings because they were not motivated by the need for trust, but because they impose a calendar to their obligations to meet. Observatory astronomers them, a round building on the two huge terrace towering above the forest grove, located in Chichen Itza. The Mayan astronomers know the orbit of the moon until the fourth decimal and they also can calculate the year of Venus reached up to three decimal places.
According to the ancient story, then the gods of the beginning of the Maya came from the stars, make contact with the earth, and then back again to the star of stars. In the "Popol Vuh", an ancient Mayan story, argued that the 4000 youth from the horizon back to the "seven star", after they suffered defeat in a fight with a man. God Kukulkan apparently betukar news with the Aztecs, who called Quetzalcoatl. He is described as a feathered serpent and come from the sky. If people are the Maya, in her life every day to see the snakes slithering on the ground, it is difficult to understand, why the snakes in the picture and the relief they can "fly". The writings of the Maya are still there, covering 208 pages folded in a manner harmonica. Saw many and many kinds of signs, forms, symbols and forms of combination, it is not surprising that until now could only be solved Little meaning.
The paintings on a given tree fiber thin layer of lime as a basis for his paintings, stored between two sheets of glass. "Dresden Codex" has 74 pages and contains about astronomical calculations and also contains the lists of travel and movement of the moon and Mars. In the paintings were always seen the horrible creature shaped like a snake near the numbers. The creature was associated with the moon and water spewed into the earth. Creature "man" was wearing a mask and head gear are complex, and often seem to put on such a wet suit. Are they pastors Mayans who were conducting experiments animals or animals? The creatures that can not be determined beings, what exactly, by using many tools and strange.
"Paris Codex" was purchased by "Nationable Bibliotheque" (National Library) in the year 1832 from the collection person. Made from the same material with the material "Dresden Codex" and has 22 pages that have been very damaged. In the last century, the maintenance of the pages folded it was so bad that now there were only two pages that can be displayed in a glass box. Fortunately for us is, that of "Paris Codex" especially with the predictions according to the calendar. "Madrid Codex" stored in the "Museo de America" in Madrid and consists of 112 illustrated pages, which can be seen images of the gods in the attitude of the great religious ceremonies. The drawings and parts, until the little ones are very interesting. We can see all sorts of things in the pictures. The gods smoking on the skin of the earth, the gods before eating blood vessels, punishment by puncture of the tongue, a goddess with the head of the snake on the spinning wheel. I had to copy the parts of those books, which is only known to experts only, so that every person who has knowledge and interest in and have attention to this matter, can judge for themselves what is really drawn. I have a suspicion, that the laity will formulate ideas more freely than an expert on the Maya.
During the investigation, the investigation in the field from 1949 to 1952, a Mexican national archaeologist named Alberto Ruz Lhuiller found a corpse storage room at the "Temple of handwritten manuscript" in Palenque. From the front room of the temple is located in the highest pulpit bertangga a pyramid, there is a sloping landing rather steep and slippery with moisture, which leads down to almost 75 feet and ended up 6 feet under ground. The stairs are hidden in such a way, so that we can pull the conclusion, that the staircase was certainly a secret. The size and location of the room match the "notion of witchcraft" (Marcel Brion). The archaeologist and his assistants take three years to clean up those stairs, from top to bottom. Floor room terbuatdari a full-sized stone 14 feet long and 7 feet wide, with a picture of extraordinary relief. I've never seen a lainnnya relief, such a beautiful and meticulous workmanship. Carvings the Maya are all around the corners of the flat surface, but only very Little of the carvings that can be solved means. Flat stone decorated with carvings such as those made in the Dresden Codex Paris and Madrid. In the images we see an earth god mask with feather decorations on his chest, the ropes and pipes of colored stone and not miss a bird which is also considered sacred (Kwitzel birds from Central America). Paul Rivet, one of a group of archaeological experts who have found in the mortuary temples at Palenque, said, that the Indian people portrayed were sitting on the altar of sacrifice and that his seat behind the beard hair engraved weather gods, who always motifmotif recur town Maya cities.
Under the intact rock are beautifully decorated, there is a skeleton in a coffin painted in red. A gold mask covering the face frame; first few stones found on the frame, as if the objects of religious ceremonies and sacrificial objects objects. Since I saw the grave stones in Palengue it, so I interpret and formulate it in terms of technique. It is not an issue, whether we use this point of view or that, but I have a feeling, that there are adventurers space involved in this matter. The best portraits I've ever seen on a stone tomb, which lies behind the locked iron doors, was captured by the photographic film "The trains of the god of war kah? "After eight times to apply, the Government allowed us to work for half an hour by using cameras and lights - floodlights. This portrait portrait will give a better picture to the readers on matters of which I speak of the pictures in my first book. Finally, it steadied to all, that the grave stone is a framework that in the middle there are creatures, who sat slightly bent forward (as an astronaut in the command module).
Alien was wearing a helmet hat, from the back of the helmet cap sticking out of two pipe stems. In front of the nose is oxygen apparatus. The creature was working on such a key instrument observations with both hands. The radius of the upper set, as if the creature is set a button in front of him. We see from the rear, four fingers of his other hand under her little finger crooked. Is the creature did not look like he was working on control equipment such as those found on the steering wheel motorcycle? Heel of his left leg above the bertangga pedals. Who saw the relief on the Palengue be surprised to see the reality, that "the Indians who were on the altar of sacrifice" is wearing very modern clothing. Just below the chin is kind of a roll neck sweater. Has a narrow sleeve sleeve, which ends at the wrist folded up. He used his belt on his wrists, folded up. He uses a wide belt, and wearing long pants, a wide top and patterned like the eyes of the nets, while the lower, ranging from just above the knee to hold the ankle is narrow. In the visible part of ankle socks, dress like a complete outfit for an astronaut!, The equipment in it where the space travelers were sitting stiffly curled, showing the technical characteristics as the equipment for space travel.