CHAPTER
III
ANALYSIS
What
has been explained in chapter two is about translation and translation shifts;
now in this chapter it will be described about the analysis of translation
shifts that were found in the data source and how do they occur. The data were
taken from an English novel entitled Inheritance
(2011) written by Christopher Paolini and the Indonesian version of the novel
entitled Inheritance - Warisan
(2012). It was translated by Poppy D. Chusfany. The analysis of translation
shifts that were found in the novels are described in the following sub
chapters.
3.1 Level Shifts
By
shift of level we mean that a source language item at one linguistic level has
a target language translation equivalent at a different level. The shift is
usually about one level of structure in the source language and translated with
lexicon or word in the target language. Two types of level shift were found in
the data source, they were Past Continuous marker (was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang
and Past Perfect marker (had + Past
Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah.
3.1.1
Past Continuous Marker (was/were + -ing)
Shifted into sedang
Based on the data
source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Continuous marker (was/were + -ing) shifted into sedang in the translation were found.
For a clear analysis, let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1) SL: He and Saphira were in the
courtyard of the castle, away from the men who were laboring to clear
it- pilling stones and bodies alike into carts – and from the people streaming
in and out of the damaged building, many of whom had been present at Nasuada’s
audience with King Halfpaw and were now leaving to attend to other duties. (Paolini,
2011: 43).
TL:
Ia dan saphira berada di pekarangan kastel, menjauh dari para pejuang yang sedang bekerja membersihkan tempat itu
– menumpuk bebatuan dan mayat-mayat ke gerobak – dan dari orang-orang yang
mengalir keluar-masuk bangunan yang rusak, banyak diantara mereka yang tadi
hadir ketika Nasuada bicara dengan Raja Halfpaw dan sekarang pergi untuk
melakukan tugas lain. (Chusfani, 2012: 55).
2)
SL: He was in the middle of wringing out the last item, and his freshly
poured tea was waiting for him next to Katrina, when someone shouted their
names from across the busy way. (Paolini, 2011: 66).
TL:
Ia sedang memeras kain terakhir, dan
tehnya yang baru dituang menunggunya di sebelah Katrina, ketika seseorang
meneriakkan nama mereka dari seberang jalan yang ramai. (Chusfani, 2012: 74).
3)
SL: With a faint sense of surprise, he realized that Nasuada was calling his name. (Paolini, 2011: 274).
TL: Dengan sedikit terkejut, Roran tersadar Nasuada
sedang memanggil-manggil namanya.
(Chusfani, 2012: 233).
4)
SL: Eragon locked eyes with Arya and
found within them a combination of determination and defensiveness, as if she was challenging him to attempt to pry open her secrets, but she was also afraid
of what would happen if he did. (Paolini, 2011: 314).
TL:
Eragon berpandangan dengan Arya, dan Eragon melihat kombinasi tekad serta sorot
defensive dalam matanya, seakan-akan elf itu sedang menantangnya untuk mencoba memeras rahasia dari dalam
dirinya, tapi juga takut tentang apa yang bakal terjadi jika Eragon mampu
melakukannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 264).
5) SL: The werecat, he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes. (Paolini, 2011: 509).
TL: Dengan bingung Eragon melihat
si werecat sedang memperhatikan-nya
dengan mata biru sedingin es. (Chusfani, 2012: 417).
It
can be stated that level shift occurs in example number (1). The structure of were + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. In this case, the level shift happens from grammar to lexis.
This shift happens because in English, to express a progress or ongoing
activity in the past (Past Continuous
Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing.
The men who were laboring to clear it means the activity of laboring by the subject the men was in progress or ongoing. Meanwhile
in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the source language and target
language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation
is good because both the source language and the target language carry the same
meaning.
The
level shift also occurs in the example number (2). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. In this example, the level shift happens from grammar to
lexis. This shift of level occurs because in English, was/were + -ing is used to express a progress or ongoing activity
in the past (Past Continuous Tense). He was in the middle of wringing means
the activity of wringing by the
subject he was in progress or
ongoing. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang.
So, it is right that between the source language and target language there is
level shift. In this example, because both the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning, it can be said that the quality of the
translation is pretty good.
There
is a level shift in the example number (3). The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. So, it means the level shift happens from grammar to lexis.
This shift occurs because in English, was/were
+ -ing can be used to express a progress or ongoing activity in the past
(past continuous tense). Nasuada was
calling his name means the activity of calling
by the subject Nasuada was in
progress or ongoing. There is not specific form to express such activity in Indonesian.
In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is right that between the source language and target
language there is level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation
is pretty good because both the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning.
Seen
from the example number (4), there is a level shift. The structure of was + -ing in the source language is
translated into lexis sedang in the
target language. It can be said that the
level shift happens from grammar to lexis. It happens because in English, to
express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. She was
challenging him means the activity of challenging
by the subject she was in progress or
ongoing. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such
activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sedang. So, it is true that between the
source language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the
quality of the translation is good because the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
A
shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of was+ -ing in the source language is translated
into lexis sedang in the target
language. It means the level shift
happens from grammar to lexis. This shift happens because in English, to
express a progress or ongoing activity in the past (Past Continuous Tense) is expressed by was/were + -ing. The werecat,
he was puzzled to see, was watching him with ice-blue eyes means the
activity of watching by the subject werecat was in progress or ongoing.
Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express such activity. In
Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as sedang.
So, it is true that between the source language and target language there is
level shift. In this example, the quality of the translation is good because
both the source language and the target language carry the same meaning.
3.1.2
Past Perfect Marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted into sudah/telah
Based on the data
source of this paper, the shifts of level which show Past Perfect marker (had + Past Participle marker) shifted
into sudah/telah in the translation
were found. Let us see the examples below.
Examples:
1)
SL: Though Eragon had eaten and then
rested for perhaps an hour, his weariness had not entirely abated. (Paolini,
2011: 51).
TL:
Meski Eragon sudah makan dan
beristirahat selama kira-kira satu jam, keletihannya belum benar-benar sirna.
(Chusfani, 2012: 61).
2)
SL: Someone had shot at him with a
crossbow from the roof of a building. (Paolini, 2011: 57).
TL:
Seseorang telah memanahnya dengan
busur silang dari atap sebuah bangunan. (Chusfani, 2012: 67).
3)
SL: He had traded his armor of earlier for a thick red tunic and a robe
trimmed with white ermine. (Paolini, 2011: 71).
TL:
Sebelumnya ia telah berganti pakaian
dari baju zirah ke tunik merah dan jubah bertepi bulu cerpelai putih.
(Chusfani, 2012: 77).
4)
SL: Night had fallen, and the only light in the lavish bedchamber came from
the two candles on the desk and the small fire glowing on the hearth by the
empty four-poster bed. (Paolini, 2011: 270).
TL: Malam sudah turun, dan satu-satunya cahaya dalam kamar tidur mewah itu
dating dari dua batang lilin pada meja dan api kecil yang berpendar dari
perapian dekat ranjang yang bertiang empat yang kosong. (Chusfani, 2012: 230).
5)
SL: “If ever I get the chance, I’ll kill
you for this,” Tharos had said. (Paolini,
2011: 274).
TL: “Kalau punya kesempatan, aku akan
membunuhmu,” Tharos telah berkata. (Chusfani,
2012: 233).
There
is a level shift in example number (1). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the source language is translated
into lexis sudah in the target
language. The level shift occurs from grammar to lexis. It happens because in
English, to express Past Perfect Pense
or the activity that happened before a particular time in the past, the pattern
of had + Past Participle marker is
used. Eragon had eaten means the
activity of eating by the subject Eragon occurred in the past up to the
present time. Meanwhile in Indonesian there is not specific form to express
such activity. In Indonesian, such activity is expressed by word such as sudah. So, between the source language
and target language there is a level shift. The quality of the translation in
this example is good because both the source language and the target language
carry the same meaning.
Seen
from the translation shift, example number (2) shows a level shift. The
structure of had + Past Participle marker
in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. So, the shift of level happens from
grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a
particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Someone
had shot at him shows that the activity of shooting by the subject someone
occurred in the past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not
specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word
such as telah. So, it is right that
between the source language and target language there is a level shift. Seen
from the translation, both the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning. So, it can be said that the quality of the translation is
pretty good.
Shift of level also
occurs in the example (3), the structure of had
+ Past Participle marker in the source language is translated into lexis telah in the target language. This level
shift also happens from grammar to lexis. The reason is similar; it occurs
because in English, the pattern of had +
Past Participle marker can be used to express the Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a
particular time in the past. He had
traded his armor means the activity of trading
by the subject he occurred in the
past up to the present time. Meanwhile Indonesian does not have specific form
to express such activity. It is expressed by word such as telah in Indonesian. So, it is true that between the source
language and target language there is level shift. The quality of the
translation in this example is also good because the source language and the
target language carry the same meaning.
Seeing
the example number (4), it can be stated that there is a shift of level. The
structure of had + Past Participle marker
in the source language is translated into lexis sudah in the target language. It means the shift of level happens
from grammar to lexis. It occurs because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that
happened before a particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Night had fallen means the activity of falling by the subject night occurred in the past up to the
present time. In Indonesian, there is not
specific form to express such activity. In Indonesian, this activity is
expressed by word such as sudah. So,
it is correct that between the source language and target language there is a
level shift. In this example, the source language and the target language carry
the same meaning. So, it can be stated that the quality of the translation is
good.
A
shift of level occurs in the example number (5). The structure of had + Past Participle marker in the
source language is translated into lexis telah
in the target language. It means the level shift occurs from grammar to lexis.
This shift happens because in English, to express Past Perfect Tense or the activity that happened before a
particular time in the past, it uses the pattern of had + Past Participle marker. Tharos
had said means the activity saying
by the subject tharos occurred in the
past up to the present time. In Indonesian, there is not specific form to
express such activity. In Indonesian, it is expressed by word such as telah. So, it is true that between the source
language and target language there is level shift. In this example, the quality
of the translation is good because both the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
3.2 Category Shifts
Beside the level shift, we also have
category shifts. Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in
translation. There are four types of category shifts; they are structure shift,
class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. Usually, they are found in the
translation results from English to Indonesian.
3.2.1 Structure Shifts
Structure shifts are the shifts that
happen when the source language structure and target language structure are
different. These shifts usually occur in the level of phrase, clause, and
sentence. For a clearer discussion, let us see the following analysis.
3.2.1.1 Structure
Shifts in Phrase Level
Based
on the data source of this paper, the shifts of structure that occur in the
level of phrase were found. For a clear analysis, let us see the examples
below.
Examples:
1)
SL:
The blue sword flashed bright
and iridescent, stark against the wall of
M M H
black clouds building in the west.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL:
Pedang biru itu berkilat
terang dan memancarkan cahaya berwarna-
H M M
warni,
tampak mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam yang bergulung-gulung di barat.
(Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2) SL:
The blue sword flashed bright and iridescent, stark against the wall of
black
clouds
building in the west. (Paolini, 2011: 1).
M H
TL: Pedang biru itu berkilat terang dan memancarkan
cahaya berwarna-
warni, tampak
mencolok dilatarbelakangi awan hitam
yang bergulung-
H M
gulung
di barat. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3) SL: A
faint golden glow filled the tent as he lifted the lid of the chest. M M M H
(Paolini,
2011: 52).
TL: Pendar cahaya keemasan samar memenuhi
tenda ketika Eragon
M H M M
mengangkat
tutup peti. (Chusfani, 2012: 62).
4) SL: The
dim gray light from the cloudy sky fell upon him as Arya M M M H
pushed aside the entrance flap.
(Paolini, 2011: 53).
TL:
Cahaya kelabu suram dari
langit berawan menerpa Eragon ketika
H M M
arya
menyibakkan pintu tenda sampai terbuka. (Chusfani,
2012: 63).
5) SL: Our
trap has sprung shut around him. (Paolini, 2011: 82).
M H
TL: Jebakan kita menjeratnya.
(Chusfani, 2012: 86).
H M
The examples above show us that the
target language has different phrase structure from the target language. In
example number (1), there is a structure shift. The noun phrase structure the blue sword which is composed by pre-modifier
the, pre-modifier blue and head sword is translated into pedang
biru itu in Indonesian. The phrase pedang
biru itu is formed by the head pedang,
post-modifier biru and post-modifier itu. Considering the different structure
between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target
language, it can be stated that there is structure shift in phrase level. It
happens because the basic structure of the source language noun phrase is the
inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. The structure of English
noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre
modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier - post modifier.
Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the phrase the blue sword into pedang biru itu is good because there is not lost meaning on the
result.
Similar to the first example, in
example number (2) there is also a structure shift. The noun phrase structure black clouds in the source language
consists of pre modifier black and
head clouds. It is translated into a
different phrase structure, that is awan
hitam. The noun phrase in the target language consists of head awan and post modifier hitam. Considering the different
structure between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the
target language, it can be concluded that there is structure shift in phrase
level. It also happens because the basic noun phrase structure of the source language
is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. In this case, the
structure of English noun phrase above is pre
modifier - head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase black clouds into awan hitam is pretty good because there is not lost meaning on the
result.
In the example number (3), there is
a structure shift. The noun phrase structure a faint golden glow in the source language is composed by pre modifier
a, pre modifier faint, pre modifier golden
and head glow. The target language
has a different phrase structure, that is pendar
cahaya keemasan samar. It is composed by the pre modifier pendar, head cahaya, post modifier keemasan
and post modifier samar. It can be
stated that there is structure shift in phrase level because the basic structure
between the phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language
is different. The inversion between the source and the target language noun
phrase still causes this shift to occur. As we know that the structure of
English noun phrase above is pre modifier
– pre modifier – pre modifier – head meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase
structure is pre modifier – head – post
modifier – post modifier. Based on its translation, we can conclude that
the translation from the phrase a faint
golden glow into pendar cahaya
keemasan samar is good because there is not lost meaning on the result.
A shift of structure also happens in
the fourth example. The noun phrase structure the dim gray light in the source language consists of pre modifier the, pre modifier dim, pre modifier gray and
head light. The target language has a
different phrase structure, that is cahaya
kelabu suram. The head is filled by cahaya
and the post modifiers are filled by kelabu
and suram. It can be concluded
that there is structure shift in phrase level because the structure between the
phrase of the source language and the phrase of the target language is
different. This happens because the noun basic phrase structure of the source
language is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English
noun phrase above is pre modifier - pre
modifier - pre modifier - head meanwhile
Indonesian noun phrase structure is head
- post modifier - post modifier. Based on its translation, we can make a
statement that the translation from the phrase the dim gray light into cahaya
kelabu suram is adequate because there is not lost meaning on the result.
Example number (5) shows us that
there is a level shift. The noun phrase structure our trap in the source language consists of pre modifier our and head trap. It is translated into jebakan
kita, which has a different phrase structure. The phrase in the target
language consists of the head jebakan
and post modifier kita. Considering
the different structure between the phrase of the source language and the
phrase of the target language, it can be stated that there is structure shift
in phrase level. This happens because the noun phrase structure of the source
language above is the inverse of the target language noun phrase structure. English
noun phrase is pre modifier - head
meanwhile Indonesian noun phrase structure is head - post modifier. Seeing this translation, we can state that
the translation from the phrase our trap into
jebakan kita is adequate because
there is not lost meaning on the result.
3.2.1.2 Structure
Shifts in Sentence Level
Beside
the structure shifts in phrase level, the structure shifts that occur in the
level of sentence were found too. Based on the data source, there were shifts
of structure in sentence level; they were from SVC into S+C.
Examples:
1)
SL: Eragon’s shout was so
loud (Paolini, 2011: 19).
S V C
TL:
Teriakan Eragon begitu keras (Chusfani, 2012: 35).
S C
2)
SL: His voice was deep
(Paolini, 2011: 38).
S V C
TL:
Suaranya dalam (Chusfani,
2012: 51).
S C
3)
SL: Galbatorix is mad
(Paolini, 2011: 49).
S V C
TL:
Galbatorix gila (Chusfani, 2012: 60).
S C
4)
SL: The scars were asymmetrical
(Paolini, 2011: 69).
S V C
TL:
Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris (Chusfani, 2012: 76).
S C
5)
SL: They were too quiet
(Paolini, 2011: 265).
S V C
TL:
Mereka terlalu tenang (Chusfani, 2012: 226).
S C
Structure shift in sentence level
occurs in example number (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). The sentence structure of
the source language in example number (1) is SVC and the sentence structure of
the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of Eragon’s shout as subject, was as verb, and so loud as complement. In the target language, teriakan Eragon becomes the subject, and begitu keras as the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language is
untranslated in the target language. English sentence structure SVC can be
translated into S+C in Indonesian because a subject can be directly followed by
complement in Indonesian. Teriakan Eragon
begitu keras actually comes from teriakan
Eragon adalah begitu keras with the structure of teriakan Eragon as subject, adalah
as verb, and begitu keras as
complement. In this case the verb adalah
can be removed in Indonesian. Based on its translation, we can conclude that
the translation from the source language sentence into target language sentence
is good because it is only simplified and there is not lost meaning.
In example number (2), the sentence
structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the
target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of his voice as subject, was as verb, and deep as complement. In the target language, suaranya is the subject, and dalam
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb was in the source language seems untranslated in the target language.
English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because
a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Suaranya dalam actually comes from Suaranya adalah dalam with the structure
of suaranya as subject, adalah as verb, and dalam as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from the translation
quality, we can conclude that the sentence translation from the source language
into target language is adequate because it is only simplified and there is not
lost meaning.
Shift of structure also occurs in
the third example, the sentence structure of the source language is SVC and the
sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source
language consists of Galbatorix as
subject, is as verb, and mad as complement. In the target
language, Galbatorix is the subject,
and gila becomes the complement. The
sentence element verb is in the
source language does not exist when it is translated into target language. It occurs
that English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian
because a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Galbatorix gila actually comes from Galbatorix adalah gila with the
structure of Galbatorix as subject, adalah as verb, and gila as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seen from its translation, we
can make a conclusion that the translation from the source language sentence
into target language sentence is adequately because there is not lost meaning.
Similar to the previous example, the
sentence structure of the source language in example (4) is SVC and the
sentence structure of the target language is S+C. The sentence of the source
language consists of the scars as
subject, were as verb, and asymmetrical as complement. In the
target language, luka-luka goresan itu
is the subject, and tidak simetris
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language is untranslated in the target language.
English sentence structure SVC can be translated into S+C in Indonesian because
a subject can be directly followed by complement in Indonesian. Luka-luka goresan itu tidak simetris
actually comes from Luka-luka goresan itu
adalah tidak simetris with the structure of luka-luka goresan itu as subject, adalah as verb, and tidak
simetris as complement. In this case the verb adalah can be omitted in Indonesian. Seeing this condition, we can
make a statement that the translation from the source language sentence into
target language sentence is adequate because its structure is simplified and
there is not lost meaning that occurs.
In the last example, the sentence
structure of the source language is SVC and the sentence structure of the
target language is S+C. The sentence of the source language consists of they as subject, were as verb, and too quiet
as complement. In the target language, mereka
is the subject, and terlalu tenang
becomes the complement. The sentence element verb were in the source language seems untranslated into the target
language. In Indonesian, the subject of the sentence can be directly followed
by complement. Mereka terlalu tenang actually
comes from mereka adalah terlalu tenang
with the structure of mereka as
subject, adalah as verb, and terlalu tenang as complement. In this
case the verb adalah can be omitted
in Indonesian. Based on this translation, it can be stated that the translation
from the source language sentence into target language sentence is good because
there is not lost meaning.
3.2.2 Class Shifts
Class shift means a shift of a class
in the source language into a different class in the target language. We can
see the class shifts that were found in the data source in the following
examples.
3.2.2.1 Adverb to Adjective
A shift of class may occur from
adverb to adjective in the translation of source language into target language.
The following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: “Kill him!” the robed man
ordered, sounding more frightened than lordly.
(Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: “Bunuh dia!” lelaki berjubah tadi
memerintah, kedengarannya lebih ketakutan daripada berwibawa. (Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2)
SL: Arya initiated the first attack, and within the span of a second, Eragon
found himself standing hunched over at an awkward angle, her blade pressed
against the left side of his neck, tugging painfully
at his skin. (Paolini, 2011: 299).
TL:
Arya memulai serangan pertama, dan dalam waktu sedetik saja, Eragon mendapati
dirinya membungkuk dalam sudut canggung, bilah pedang Arya menempel pada sisi
kiri lehernya, menarik kulitnya sampai pedih.
(Chusfani, 2012: 253).
In the first example, it is a class
shift which occurs here. The word lordly
in the source language is a member of adverbs and it is translated into berwibawa which is an adjective in the
target language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from an
adverb in the source language into adjective in the target language. This shift
mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning
of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation is good because the source
language and the target language carry the same meaning.
There is a class shift in example
number (2). The word painfully in the
source language belongs to an adverb and it is translated into pedih which is an adjective in the
target language. So, the class shift happens between adverb in the source
language and adjective in the target language. Like the previous example, this
shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning
of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its
translation, we can conclude that the translation is pretty good because both
languages carry the same meaning.
3.2.2.2 Noun to Verb
A shift of class also occurs from
noun to verb in the translation of source language into target language. The
following examples will show us the preview of this shift.
1) SL: The gold thread in their tunics
glittered as they stirred with surprise.
(Paolini, 2011: 23).
TL: Benang emas pada tunik mereka
berkilauan ketika mereka bergerak terkejut.
(Chusfani, 2012: 38).
2) SL: While Blodhgarm labored over
Roran, Eragon picked up Brisingr, then stood guard with Arya at the entrance in
case any soldiers were so foolhardy as to launch an attack. (Paolini, 2011: 27).
SL: Sementara Bloghgarm mengurusi Roran,
Eragon memungut Brisingr, kemudian berdiri berjaga-jaga bersama Arya pada pintu
masuk kalau-kalau ada prajurit yang cukup dungu untuk menyerang mereka. (Chusfani, 2012: 42).
In the first example, it is the
class shift that happens here. The word surprise
in the source language is a member of nouns and it is translated into terkejut which is a verb in the target
language. Based on that, we can see that the class shift happens from a noun in
the source language into verb in the target language. This shift mostly happens
because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning of the source
target and then decides to make the class shift. Seeing the translation, we can
state that the translation is good because the source language and the target
language carry the same meaning.
Similar to previous example, class
shift also occurs in the example number (2). The word attack in the source language belongs to a noun and it is
translated into menyerang which belongs
to a verb in the target language. The class shift happens between noun in the
source language and verb in the target language. As we can see before, this
shift mostly happens because the translator does not want to lose the context meaning
of the source target and then decides to make the class shift. Based on its
translation, it can be stated that the translation is good because the same
meaning is carried by the source language and the target language.
3.2.3 Unit Shifts
Unit shift is a change of rank,
departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the
target language. Unit shift as a change of rank may happen from word to phrase,
phrase to word or phrase to clause. Based on the data source, the analysis was
focused on the unit shift that occurs from word to phrase and vice versa.
3.2.3.1 Word to Phrase
A shift of unit may occur in the
translation from a source language word into a target language phrase. For a
clearer explanation, let us see the examples below.
1) SL: The rider tugged on the reins and angled his horse toward
Saphira, who began to rear onto her hind legs, in preparation for delivering a
terrible, killing blow with her right front paw. (Paolini, 2011: 8).
TL: Si penunggang menarik tali kekang dan mengarahkan kudanya ke
Saphira, yang mulai berdiri di kaki belakangnya, bersiap untuk melakukan
hantaman mematikan menggunakan kaki kanan depannya. (Chusfani, 2012: 26).
2) SL: The dragon Saphira roared, and
the soldiers before her quailed.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sang naga Saphira meraung, dan para prajurit yang berada di hadapannya
mengerut. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
3) SL: On the other side of the mound
lay a wide courtyard. (Paolini,
2011: 1).
TL: Di sisi lain timbunan terdapat pekarangan dalam yang luas. (Chusfani,
2012: 21)
4) SL: With a cry, Eragon leaped off the
rubble toward the soldiers.
(Paolini, 2011: 1).
TL: Sambil berteriak, Eragon melompat
dari gundukan puing ke arah para
prajurit. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
5) SL: Galbatorix is mad and therefore unpredictable. (Paolini, 2011: 49).
TL: Galbatorix gila, maka dia tidak bisa ditebak. (Chusfani, 2012: 60)
In
example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in this example is unit shift. The
word reins in the source language has
a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into tali kekang which is ranked as a
noun phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase.
This happens because the word reins
in the source language cannot be represented by
a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is the
noun phrase tali kekang. Based on its
translation, we can state that the translation from the word reins into phrase tali kekang is good because there is no lost meaning in the result
although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in the
target language.
In example number (2), the kind of shift
that occurs here is unit shift. The word soldiers
in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into para
prajurit which is ranked as a noun phrase in the source language. So, the
departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word soldiers in the source language cannot
be represented by a single word in the source
language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase para prajurit. Based on its translation,
we can make a statement which says the translation from the word soldiers into phrase para prajurit is good because there is
no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source language is
represented as a phrase in the target language.
The
kind of shift that occurs in example number (3) is unit shift. The word courtyard in the source language has a
different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into pekarangan dalam which is ranked
as a (noun) phrase in the source language. So, the departure happens from a
word to a noun phrase. This happens because the word courtyard in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in the source language. So, the
nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase pekarangan
dalam. About the quality of the translation, we can state that the
translation from the word courtyard
into phrase pekarangan dalam is good
because there is not lost meaning in the result although the word in the source
language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
Example
number (4) shows us an example of unit shift. The word rubble in the source language has a different rank with its
translation in the source language. It is translated into gundukan puing which is ranked as a (noun) phrase in the source
language. So, the departure happens from a word to a noun phrase. This happens
because the word rubble in the source
language cannot be represented by a single word
in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of the word is noun phrase gundukan puing. Based on its
translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word rubble into phrase gundukan puing is good because there is not lost meaning in the
result although the word in the source language is represented as a phrase in
the target language.
In the last example, it is a unit
shift that occurs here. The word unpredictable
in the source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into tidak
bisa ditebak which is ranked as a adjective phrase in the source language.
So, the departure happens from a word to a phrase. Like the previous example,
this happens because the word unpredictable
in the source language cannot be represented by
a single word in the source language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the
adjective phrase tidak bisa ditebak.
Based on its translation, we can conclude that the translation from the word unpredictable into phrase tidak bisa ditebak is pretty good
because there is no lost meaning in the result although the word in the source
language is represented as a phrase in the target language.
3.2.3.2 Phrase to Word
Beside the word to phrase shift, a
shift of unit may occur in the translation from a source language phrase into a
target language word too. For a clearer explanation, let us see the examples
below.
1)
SL: The sound was stabbing.
(Paolini, 2011: 16).
TL:
Suara itu menusuk. (Chusfani, 2012:
33).
2) SL: Blodhgarm and his fellow
spellcasters can conjure up a
facsimile of Eragon, as they did before (Paolini, 2011: 354).
TL: Blodhgarm dan rekan-rekan perapal
mantranya bisa memunculkan tiruan
Eragon, seperti yang pernah mereka lakukan. (Chusfani, 2012: 24).
3) SL: Once the arrows ceased, Eragon
transferred Brisingr to his left hand, picked
up one of the soldiers’ spears, and heaved it at the archers forty feet
above. (Paolini, 2011: 6).
TL: Begitu hujan anak panah berhenti,
Eragon memindahkan Brisingr ke tangan kirinya, memungut salah satu tombak prajurit, dan melontarkannya ke para
pemanah sekitar dua belas meter di atas. (Chusfani, 2012: 25).
4) SL: She threw back her spiky head and roared her triumph, drowning out the
clamor of the city with ferocity of her cry. (Paolini, 2011: 7).
TL: Ia melontarkan kepalanya yang bertanduk ke arah atas dan meraungkan
kemenangan, menenggelamkan keributan dalam kota dengan keganasan jeritannya.
(Chusfani, 2012: 26).
5) SL: Many were hunched over, as if expecting a blow; others gaped at the front of
the damaged keep. (Paolini, 2011: 19).
TL: Banyak yang merunduk, seolah-olah menyangka bakal ada ledakan; yang lain-lain
ternganga menatap bagian depan benteng. (Chusfani, 2012: 35).
In
example (1), the kind of shift that occurs in that example is unit shift. The
noun phrase was stabbing in the
source language has a different rank with its translation in the source
language. It is translated into menusuk which
is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a
phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase was stabbing in the source language can be represented using a single word menusuk in the source language. Based on its translation, we can
state that the translation from the phrase was
stabbing into word menusuk is
good because there is not lost meaning in the result although the phrase in the
source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
In
the second example, it is a unit shift that occurs here. The verb phrase conjure up in the source language has a
different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into memunculkan which is ranked as a
word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word.
Like the previous example, this shift happens because the phrase conjure up in the source language can be
represented using a single word memunculkan
in the source language. If we focus on its translation, we can state that the
translation from the phrase conjure up
into word memunculkan is good because
there is not lost meaning in the result, although the phrase in the source
language is represented as a single word in the target language.
In example number (3), the kind of shift
that occurs in this example is unit shift. The verb phrase picked up in the source language has a different rank with its
translation in the source language. It is translated into memungut which is ranked as a word in the source language. So, the
departure happens from a phrase to a word. It happens because the phrase pick up in the source language can be
represented using a single word memungut in the source language. About
the translation, we can state that the translation from the phrase picked up into word memungut is good because there is not lost meaning in the result,
and even the phrase in the source language is represented as a single word in
the target language.
The
kind of shift that occurs in example number (4) is unit shift. The verb phrase threw back in the source language has a
different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into melontarkan which is ranked as a
word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word.
It happens because a single word melontarkan
in the source language can represent the phrase threw back in the source language. Like the previous example, we
can state that the translation from the phrase threw back into word melontarkan
is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in
the source language is represented as a single word in the target language.
The
example number (5) shows us an example of unit shift. The verb phrase hunched over in the source language has
a different rank with its translation in the source language. It is translated
into merunduk which is ranked as a
word in the source language. So, the departure happens from a phrase to a word.
It happens because a single word merunduk
in the source language can represent the phrase hunched over in the source language. Based on its translation, we
can conclude that the translation from the phrase hunched over into word merunduk
is good because there is no lost meaning in the result although the phrase in
the source language is actually represented as a single word in the target
language.
3.2.4 Intra-system
Shifts
Intra-system
shift is the shift that occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those
cases where source language and target language possess systems which
approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when
translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target
language system (Catford, 1965: 80).
Examples:
1) SL: The men shuffled backward,
although they kept their spears and pikes trained on the ragged hole
Saphira had torn in the castle’s outer wall. (Paolini, 2011: 2).
TL: Lelaki-lelaki itu mundur, meski
mereka membiarkan tombak dan seligi terpancang pada lubang kasar
yang dibuat Saphira pada tembok luar kastel. (Chusfani, 2012: 21).
2) SL: A directionless blue light illuminated the space. (Paolini, 2011:
25).
TL: Cahaya biru menerangi ruangan. (Chusfani, 2012: 39).
3) SL: Grimrr’s chest swelled, and his expression became, if possible, even more
self-satisfied. (Paolini, 2011: 39).
TL: Dada Grimrr menggembung, dan
ekspressinya, jika mungkin, menjadi lebih pongah lagi. (Chusfani, 2012: 52).
4) SL: He motioned toward the entrance of the tent. (Paolini, 2011: 55).
TL: Ia menunjuk pintu tenda. (Chusfani,
2012: 65).
5) SL: He wants us to bring you to him. (Paolini, 2011: 492).
TL: Dia
ingin kita membawamu kepadanya. (Chusfani, 2012: 403).
As we can see, intra-system shift
occurs in the first example, the words spears
and pikes in the source language are
categorized as plural nouns. But, they are translated into words tombak and seligi which are categorized as singular nouns in the target
language. It happens because English language constantly requires a clear form
of written or spoken plural nouns, but Indonesian language does not do that. In
Indonesian, the use of singular noun is generally used to refer something in
common or plural nouns. Based on its translation, the translations of the words
spears and pikes into tombak and seligi are good because both source language
text and target language text have or carry the same meaning.
In
example number (2), it is an intra-system shift that occurs here. The word illuminated in the source language is in
a past form. But, it is translated into the word menerangi which does not have past form in the target language. It
happens because English has many forms of verb used in tenses, but Indonesian
does not have them. Because both source language text and target language text
have or carry the same meaning, it can be said that the translation of the word
illiminated into menerangi is good.
Seen
from the translation shifts, example number (3) shows intra-system shift. The possessive
marker ‘s in the source language is untranslated
in the target language. It happens because English language constantly requires
a certain marker of possessive, but Indonesian language does not do that. In
Indonesian, the structure of dada+ Grimrr
is enough to show that dada belongs
to Grimrr. Seen from the translation,
it can be stated that the translation between the source language and the
target language is good because both of them have or carry the same meaning.
Intra-system
shift also occurs in the example (4). The preposition of in the source language is used to show possessive; in this case,
the entrance belongs to the tent. But, it is omitted in the
target language. It happens because Indonesian language does not certainly require
prepositions in showing possessive like English does. In Indonesian, the
structure of pintu+ tenda is enough to
show that pintu belongs to tenda. Based on the translation, it can
be said that the translation between the source language and the target
language is good because they carry the same meaning.
In
example number (5), there is an intra-system shift. The word he in the source language shows that the
gender of this pronoun is male. But, it is translated into the word dia which does not show its gender in
the target language. It happens because the third person dia in Indonesian language may represent both genders, male and
female. The translation between the source language and the target language is
good because both of them carry the same meaning.
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